Biodiversity

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  • Created by: Massu786
  • Created on: 22-01-18 19:29
How does courtship increase the probability of successful mating?
recognise and attract members of same species, identify mate capable of breeding e.g sexual maturity, fertility, forms a pair bond, synchronise mating stimulates release of gametes, brings mate to physiological state for breeding
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What is phylogeny?
the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms, shows how closely related organisms are
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Describe how a phylogenetic tree works
- first branch oldest, common ancestor ,the other branches show a common ancestor from which different groups diverged( became own species), close together branches show a closer evolutionary relationship, first ones diverged long time ago
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How to biologists classify organisms into groups?
classification (grouping species together) , large groups are divided into smaller groups, members of the same group have features in common, based on anatomy , DNA reflects evolutionary history
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what is taxonomy?
the theory and practice of classification, naming and organising organisms into groupsDescribe the
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what is a hierachy?
large groups divided into smaller groups that dont overlap
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describe the phylogenetic hierachy
domain ( archae, bacteria, eukarya) ,kingdom ( for eukarya it can be fungi, protoctista, plantae, animalia, phyla, class, order, family, genus
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what is a species and how do you write the name of a member of a species?
organisms that can breed to give fertile offspring, both names are underlined or in italic, first name is genus and starts with a capital, second name is species
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Why is it hard to define species?
organisms evolve over time because of artificial selection, geographical isolation, extinction, some organisms are sterile
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What happens if an organism has an odd number of organisms?
homologous chromosomes cant pair up in meiosis so they produce gametes that arent functional so they cant produce offspring, but mitosis can occur so they grow and develop normally
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define biodiversity, species diversity and species richness
biodiversity- range + variety of genes, species and habitats within a particular region, species diversity- number of different species and individuals of each species in a community,species richness- number of different species at given time/area
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describe the activities that reduce species diviersity
removing hedgerows, creating monocultures, filling ponds, overgrazing land prevents regeneration of woodland, pesticides, inorganic fertilisers, abscence of crop rotation and intercropping, escape of effluent into water courses
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name some conservation techniques that increase diversity
hedgerows, ponds, leave wet areas, reduce use of pesticides, organic fertilisers, intercropping, cuttings on field edges,
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disadvantages of hedgerows for farmers crops
takes up space that could be used for crops, harbours pests + dieseases, hedges compete with crop for light, nutrients, species that live in hedgerows can feed on farmers crops
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advantages of hedgerows
source of food for animals, reduces need for insecticides, increases biodiversity, habitat for animals
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Why dont we compare observable physical characterics to measure genetic diversity?
characteristics are coded for by more than one gene and can be modified by the environment of organism,
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what are the different ways in investigating evolutionary relationships?
genome sequencing (comparing amino acid sequences) , comparing MRNA sequences, comparing amino acid sequences, immunological comparisons
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how does genome sequencing work?
DNA base sequence of organisms compared , closely related species have high percentage of similarity in their dna base order
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why does comparing MRNA or amino acid sequences work?
because MRNA is coded for by DNA so base sequence of MRNA is complimentary to DNA, amino acid sequence that makes up a protein is coed for by base sequence of DNA so similar organism should have similar MRNA and DNA sequences
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How does immunological comparisons work?
similar proteins will bind to the same antibodies
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How do we minimise the effect of chance?
use a large sample size to reduce effect of anomalies and increase reliability, analyse the data collected using statistical tests to determine if the results are due to chance or not
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What is intraspecific variation and interspecific variation?
INTRA- members of same species differ from eachother INTER- when one species differs from another
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What is the difference between mean and standard deviation?
mean is an average value and doesnt tell us anything about the range, SD tells us the range of values about the mean and how distributed the results are, measures range of values either side of mean
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is phylogeny?

Back

the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms, shows how closely related organisms are

Card 3

Front

Describe how a phylogenetic tree works

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How to biologists classify organisms into groups?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is taxonomy?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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