Bio B3 Enzymes

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Proteins
Long chains of amino acids.
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Antibodies
Chemicals produced by the white blood cells to destroy pathogens.
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Muscles
Protein fibres that contract to bring about movement
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Tendons
Protein tissues that connect muscle to bone.
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Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up reactions in the body.
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Changing the rate of a reaction: Adding a catalyst
Chemicals that increase the rate of the reaction without being actively used up itself.
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Changing the rate of a reaction: Increasing the concentration
There will be more particles in the same volume so there is a higher chance of collisions.
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Changing the rate of a reaction: Increasing the temperature
There will be more kinetic energy so collisions are more likely.
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Enzymes in the mouth
Salivary amylase
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Enzymes in the stomach
Pepsin (gastric protease)
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Enzymes in the small intestine
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic protease, pancreatic lipase, bile
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pH in the mouth
pH7 - neutral
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pH in the stomach
pH2 - acidic (HCl to kill bacteria)
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pH in the small intestine
pH9 - alkaline (to neutralise acid from the stomach)
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Where is bile made, stored and released?
Made - liver, Stored - gall bladder, Released - small intestine via the bile duct
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Products of protein digestion
Proteins (protease) ----> amino acids
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Products of starch digestion
Starch (amylase) -----> glucose
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Products of fat digestion
Fats (lipase) ----> fatty acids + glycerol
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Where is protease made and used?
Made - stomach, small intestine, pancreas ... Used - stomach, small intestine
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Where is amylase made and used?
Made - salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine ... Used - mouth, small intestine
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Where is lipase made and used?
Made - pancreas, small intestine ... Used - small intestine
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Enzymes in industry - protease
Pre-digests proteins in baby foods making it easier for babies to digest it while still giving them the amino acids they need.
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Enzymes in industry - carbohydrase
Converts starch into sugar syrup. This is widely used by manufacturers due to its low cost.
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Enzymes in industry - isomerase
Converts glucose into fructose which is sweeter in the same quantity. Used in slimming foods as less sugar is required.
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Enzymes in industry - biological detergents
Contains protease and lipase that remove stains by breaking down proteins and fats. Requires low temperatures (cheaper) so enzymes aren't denatured.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Chemicals produced by the white blood cells to destroy pathogens.

Back

Antibodies

Card 3

Front

Protein fibres that contract to bring about movement

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Protein tissues that connect muscle to bone.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions in the body.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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