Bio: Week 5: Auditory System

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What is the tympanic membrane?
Eardrum
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What are the three types of ossicles?
(1) Malleus (hammer), (2) Incus (anvil) , (3) Stapes (Strirrup)
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What is the oval window?
An opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane, where the baseplate of the stapes presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid within the cochlea.
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What advantage does the chain of ossicles provide as a means of efficient energy transmission?
The baseplate of the stapes makes smaller but more forceful excursions against the oval window than the tympanic membrane makes against the malleus.
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What is the organ of corti?
The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cells.
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What is the basilar membrane?
A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear, counting the organ of Corti.
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What is the tectorial membrane?
A membrane located above the basilar membrane, serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move.
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What is the round window?
An opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea of the inner ear, in which permits vibrations to be transmitted, via the oval window, into the fluid in the cochlea.
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What is tonotopic representation?
A topographically organised mapping of different frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain.
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What are the two types of auditory receptors?
Inner auditory hair cells and Outer auditory hair cells.
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What are tip links?
An elastic filament that attaches to the tip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium.
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What is stereo cilia?
The mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion.
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What is the central pathway of the auditory system?
1) Organ of Corti (auditory nerve,> (2) Cochlear nucleus (medulla)> (3) Superior olivary complex (medulla), > (4) Inferior colliculus (midbrain), > (5) Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus), (6) Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
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What is the hierarchical arrangement of the auditory cortex?
Core region (primary auditory cortex) , Belt region (first level of the auditory association cortex), Parabelt region (highest level of the auditory association cortex).
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What are the two cortical processing streams?
(1) Anterior (Ventral) , (2) Posterior (Dorsal)
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What is the ventral stream?
Originates in the anterior parabelt region and moves forward the anterior temporal lobe. Referred to as the "what" pathway and analyses complex sounds.
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What is the dorsal stream?
Originates in the posterior parabelt region and projects to posterior parietal cortex. Referred to as "where" pathway and involved with sound localisation.
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What are some causations of conductive hearing loss?
Cerumen, Otisis media, Otosclerosis.
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What is conductive hearing loss?
Issues in the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from getting to the inner ear in a normal way, it leads to the reduction in audibility.
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What is the hearing defect cerumen?
Waxy substance secreted by cells in the ear canal physically block the ear canal. It is removed by syringing.
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What is the hearing defect Otitis media?
Inflammation of the middle ear caused by an infection, affects the vibration of the eardrum and ossicles. Treated by medication.
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What is the hearing defect Otosclerosis?
Hereditary disease leading to overgrowth of the ossicles. Treated by surgical replacement of the stapes.
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What is cochlear hearing loss?
Problems in the inner ear, leading to a reduction in audibility and other abnormalities in sound perception.
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What is the vestibular system composed of?
Two parts: (1) Vestibular sacs, (2) Semicircular hair cells.
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What does the vestibular sacs do?
They are sensitive to the force of gravity and inform the heads orientation.
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What does the semicircular canals do?
Orientation of the ring-like structures approximate the 3 major planes of the head: saggital, transverse, horizontal. Receptors in each canal respond to angular acceleration in one plane, thus changing the rotation of the head.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the three types of ossicles?

Back

(1) Malleus (hammer), (2) Incus (anvil) , (3) Stapes (Strirrup)

Card 3

Front

What is the oval window?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What advantage does the chain of ossicles provide as a means of efficient energy transmission?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the organ of corti?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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