Bio Unit 1

?
Use of Carbohydrates
To release energy
1 of 115
Use of Fats
Keep warm, energy release
2 of 115
Define metabolic rate
Rate at which chem reactions in the body occur
3 of 115
4 factors influencing metabolic rate
1) Muscle:Fat ratio 2) Genes 3) Age 4) Gender
4 of 115
Use of Protein
Growths & Repair & Cell replacement
5 of 115
Use of Fibre
Aid digestion
6 of 115
2 Reasons for needing different levels of energy:
Biological, i.e who they are large, small, etc. Occupation and activity, i.e running, etc
7 of 115
Effects of unbalanced diet (malnourishment)
Obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure (salt), heart disease, blood cholesterol (too much fat)
8 of 115
Lack of exercise leads to
decreases fat, boosts metabolic rate
9 of 115
Inherited factors affecting health x 2
Metabolic Rate, cholesterol.
10 of 115
3 Effects of unbalanced diet
1) Under/overweight 2) Deficiency diseases 3) Diabetes
11 of 115
3 Factors influencing cholesterol
1) Diet (saturated foods have lots of LDL) 2) Genes 3) How much produced by liver.
12 of 115
2 Uses of cholesterol
1) Used making cell membranes 2) Making hormones and vitamins
13 of 115
LDL
Bad -- goes to cells
14 of 115
HDL
Good, goes to liver
15 of 115
Pathogens are
microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
16 of 115
2x main types of pathogens
Bacteria, Viruses
17 of 115
Viruses are not...
cells (not living)
18 of 115
Platelets...
clot wounds to stop infection
19 of 115
Skin and mucus
stop some pathogens entering body
20 of 115
3x Main Ways WBCs destroy viruses
1) Consuming; phagocytosis 2) Antibodies 3) Antitoxins
21 of 115
Recall how Vaccination works
dead or inactive form of virus > body produces antibodies > reproduces these antibodies upon reinfection
22 of 115
PROS OF VACCINATION X 2
1) Help control infection diseases, 2) Epidemics can be prevented if large percentage of population is vaccinated
23 of 115
CONS OF VACCINATION X 2
1) Don't always work -- i.e don't always give immunity 2) Bad reactions to vaccinations
24 of 115
Different types of drugs
Symptom relievers e.g painkillers, cures, e.g antibiotics
25 of 115
Why it's hard to develop drugs that destroy viruses
Because viruses reproduce using body cells, and so it would be very difficult to kill the virus without killing the cell
26 of 115
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics:
Bacterium mutates > Becomes resistant > survives > reproduces > population of resistant bacteria increases
27 of 115
Investigation into Microorganisms Step 1
HOT Agar jelly is poured into petri dish
28 of 115
Investigation into Microorganisms Step 2
Once jelly has cooled and set, (sterilised by bunsen burner) inoculating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to petri dish. Petri dish lid must be taped on.
29 of 115
Investigation into Microorganisms Step 3
Paper discs are soaked with antibiotics and placed on agar. Resistant will grow around them, non resistant strains die.
30 of 115
Temp must be kept at at school
25 DEG C -- 37 DEG C optimum for bacteria growth. Kept below this for Health reasons, so as not to grow anything potentially pathogenic.
31 of 115
Semmelweis did what?
Year: 1840's Told Doctors to wash hands in antiseptic solutions. Killed bacteria on doctor's hands.
32 of 115
Why Semmelweis' practices were dropped when he left.
Bacteria weren't discovered for another 20 years, so he couldn't prove why it worked.
33 of 115
What is becoming more common?
Antibiotic resistance
34 of 115
2 Dangers of bacteria
Mutations to new strains: 1) New strains could be antibiotic resistant. 2) May not yet have cure for it. Causing it to spread quickly causing an epidemic.
35 of 115
Dangers of viruses
Mutation, takes time to develop new vaccines, and modern society makes it difficult to stop the spread of disease.
36 of 115
5 Sense organs:
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin
37 of 115
Different receptors and stimuli
Light receptors in eyes, for light, sound receptors in ears, and balance receptors for change in position. Smell receptors, chemical stimuli, nose. Taste receptors, chemical stimuli, tongue. Skin, touch, pressure, pain, temperature.
38 of 115
Reflex arc:
stimuli > receptor > sensory > relay > motor > effector > response
39 of 115
Reflexes are __________ actions
Unconscious -- helping to prevent injury
40 of 115
What are synapses?
Connection between two neurones. Nerve signal transferred by chemicals diffuse over the gap. New electrical signal in next neurone.
41 of 115
Definition of hormones
Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.
42 of 115
Hormones vs. Nerves
Hormone: slow, long time, generalised. Nerve: fast, short time, precise area.
43 of 115
Pituitary gland
Brain, produces: FSH AND LH.
44 of 115
Ovaries
Oestrogen
45 of 115
Menstrual cycle:
Stages below
46 of 115
Stage 1:
Day 1-4: Lining of uterus breaks down (bleeding)
47 of 115
Stage 2:
Day 4-14 Lining of uterus builds up
48 of 115
Stage 3:
Egg released day 14
49 of 115
Stage 4:
Day 14-28: Lining of uterus maintained
50 of 115
FSH: where produced, causes, effects
Pituitary, causes egg to mature, stimulates release of oestrogen
51 of 115
Oestrogen: where produced, effects
ovaries, causes pituitary to produce LH and inhibits FSH
52 of 115
LH: produced, effects
Pituitary gland, stimulates egg release on middle of cycle
53 of 115
"The pill" contains
Oestrogen to inhibit FSH production, to stop egg production. Progesterone: thick cervical mucus.
54 of 115
Pros of the pill
99% effective, reduces risk of some cancers
55 of 115
Cons of pill
not 100% effective, side effects e.g. headaches, doesn't protect against STDs
56 of 115
Some are given FSH
Pros: helps get pregnant Cons: doesn't always work, too many eggs may be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies.
57 of 115
IVF Pro
Give infertile couple a child
58 of 115
Cons IVF
Strong reaction to hormones, increased risk of cancer, multiple births.
59 of 115
How does shoot grow towards light (phototropism)
Shoot tip exposed to light > more auxin on shaded side > cells grow faster on shaded side > shoot bends towards light
60 of 115
How does shoot grow away from gravity (geotropism)
Gravity produces unequal distribution of auxin > more auxin lower side > lower side grows faster > shoot bends upwards
61 of 115
Roots grow towards gravity
more auxin on lower side > extra auxin inhibits growth > cells on top elongate faster > root bends downwards
62 of 115
Roots towards moisture
uneven amount of moisture > more auxin on side closest to moisture > inhibits growth on that side > root bends towards moisture
63 of 115
Plant hormones uses x2
Selective weedkillers, Rooting powder
64 of 115
(x4) Homeostasis controls:
Ion content, water content, sugar content, temperature
65 of 115
Ion content regulated by
Kidneys, some lost in sweat
66 of 115
Water lost x3 ways
skin as sweat | lungs as breath | kidneys through urine
67 of 115
COLD DAY NOT EXERCISING
Sweat less, more urine, paler
68 of 115
HOT DAY EXERCISING
Sweat more, less urine, more concentrated
69 of 115
Body temp controlled by
Brain
70 of 115
Why internal body temp is 37 DEG C
All enzymes work best at 37 DEG C
71 of 115
Brain is sensitive to
Blood temperature in brain, skin temperature
72 of 115
Blood sugar maintained by
Insulin
73 of 115
3 types of drugs
Medicinal, recreational, and performance enhancing
74 of 115
Performance enhancing drugs FOR ARGUMENTS:
1) Unfair advantage 2) Not informed of health risks
75 of 115
Performance enhancing drugs AGAINST ARGUMENTS:
1) Athletes have right to own decision 2) Drug free sport isn't fair anyway...
76 of 115
STAGE 1 OF DRUG TESTING
Human cells in lab.
77 of 115
STAGE 2 OF DRUG TESTING
Live animals. To find toxicity and best dosage.
78 of 115
STAGE 3
Human volunteers in clinical trial. Healthy volunteers (to see if side effects) > low dose for ill people > placebo & real > double blind.
79 of 115
Uses of thalidomide now
Leprosy and some cancers
80 of 115
Thalidomide original use
Sleeping pill.
81 of 115
Second use
Morning sickness, but wasn't tested as being safe for the foetus.
82 of 115
Consequences of thalidomide for morning sickness
10,000 babies were affected and only about half survived
83 of 115
ADAPTATIONS: Large Surface Area : Vol
Lose more heat
84 of 115
Efficient with water
Concentrated urine, very little sweat.
85 of 115
Layers of body fat
Thin layers of body fat and a thin coat.
86 of 115
Camouflage
Avoid predators.
87 of 115
Small surface area : Vol
Minimising heat loss
88 of 115
Well insulated
Keep heat in
89 of 115
Camouflage
Avoid predators.
90 of 115
Some mmethods of deterring predators: x 4
Poisons, Warning colours, armour.
91 of 115
5x Living Factors of Environmental Change
Disease, predators, prey, food, competitors
92 of 115
3x Living Factors of Environmental Change
Temp, rainfall, air/water pollution
93 of 115
3 x ways populations change
Pop size increase/decrease, pop distribution changes
94 of 115
Competition of resources of plants x4
light, space, water, minerals
95 of 115
Competition of resources of animals x4
space, food, water, and mates
96 of 115
Use of lichen
Indicator of Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere
97 of 115
Clean air will present... (lichen)
Lots of lichen
98 of 115
Oxygen increase in a river suggests
Bacteria are using up oxygen, therefore, sewage or other contamination
99 of 115
Mayfly larvae detect
Dissolved o2 in water. If lots, then water is clean.
100 of 115
Define biomass
Mass of living material, i.e a completely dehydrated organism.
101 of 115
Pyramid of biomass order of largest to smallest (bottom upwards)
Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary consumer
102 of 115
x3 Why biomass/energy decreases as you go up food chain
Photosynthesis takes in sun's energy, and is stored in chemicals | Respiration uses energy and releases heat | Some biomass is inedible.
103 of 115
1 x thing taking CO2 out of atmosphere
Photosynthesis
104 of 115
3 x things putting CO2 in atmosphere
Combustion of fossil fuels, respiration of plant and animal, decay.
105 of 115
Chromosome =
Strands of DNA
106 of 115
Define sexual reproduction
Fusion of male and female gametes. There are two parents ergo the offspring will contain mixture of both parents' genes.
107 of 115
Define asexual reproduction
Reproduction with no fusion of gametes, and therefore no genetic variation between parents and offspring. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
108 of 115
Plants clone Cuttings Method
Take cutting from parent plant > plant them
109 of 115
Plants clone Tissue Culture Method
Few plant cells taken > growth medium + hormones > grow into new plants, still clones.
110 of 115
Recall Embryo transplant
See page 40. of CGP Core science AQA A Higher revision guide.
111 of 115
Adult cell cloning
Unfertilised egg > remove nucleus > new chromosomes added to egg > stimulated by electric to divide > when becomes ball of cells > implant into adult female (surrogate). (This method was used to create Dolly the sheep.
112 of 115
Pro + Con of GE
(+) Has potential for new interesting things, can create things like insulin, etc | (-) Worries about long term effects. E.g causing accidental problems in the future.
113 of 115
GM Crops Pros
Increase crop yield, can engineer to contain extra nutrients, often no issues are reported
114 of 115
GM Crops cons
May be unsafe, reduces biodiversity, may cause herbicide resistant weeds, etc.
115 of 115

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Use of Fats

Back

Keep warm, energy release

Card 3

Front

Define metabolic rate

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

4 factors influencing metabolic rate

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Use of Protein

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all AQA GCSE B1 CONTENT resources »