Bio Psych A2

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  • Created by: wilko7384
  • Created on: 04-01-19 10:04
Who discovered that specific areas of the brain are associated with particular physical and psychological functions?
(BROCA AND WERNICKE)
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What did the holistic theory of the brain state?
(THAT ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN WERE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSING OF THEOUGHT AND ACTION)
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What is another way of saying localisation of function? C___________ S_____________________.
(CORTICAL SPECIALISATION).
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What would Broca and Wenicke say would happen if a certain areas of the brain becomes damaged through illness or injury?
(THE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH THAT AREA WILL ALSO BE AFFECTED).
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The brain is divided in to two symmetrical halves, what are these called?
(LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES)
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What is lateralisation?
(SOME OF OUR PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ARE CONTROLLED BY A PARTICULAR HEMISPHERE.)
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As a general rule activity on the right hand side of the body is controlled by what?
(THE LEFT HEMISPHERE.)
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What is the cerebral cortex?
(THE OUTER LAYER OF BOTH HEMISPHERES IT COVERS THE INNER PARTS OF THE BRAIN IT IS ABOUT 3MM THICK AND SERPARETER US FROM OTHER ANUMAS BECAUSE THE HUMAN COREXT IS MUCH MORE DEVELOPED).
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Why does the cortex appear grey?
(DUE TO THE LOCATION OF CELL BODIES).
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The cortex of both hemispheres is sub-divided into four lobes, name them.
(FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL AND TEMPORAL).
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What are the lobes named after?
(THE BONES BENEATH THEM)
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In which lobe is the motor area?
(BACK OF THE FRONTAL LOBE)
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What does the motor area control?
(VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT IN THE OPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY)
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What could damage to this area result in?
(LOSS OF CONTROL OVER FINE MOVEMENTS).
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Where is the somatosensory area located?
(FRONT OF BOTH PARIETAL LOBES)
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What separates the somatosensory area from the motor area?
(CENTRAL SULCUS – A VALLEY).
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What does the somatosensory area do?
(IT IS HWHERE SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE SKIN –RELATED TO TOUCH, HEAT, PRESSURE ETC IS REPRESENTED).
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What denotes how sensitive part of the body is?
(THE AMOUNT OF SOMATOESENSORY AREA DEVEOTED TO A PARTICULAR BODY PART E.G. RECPETORS FOR OUR FACE AND HANDS OCCUPLY OVER HALF THE AREA).
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Where is the visual area?
(IN THE OCCUPITAL LOBE)
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Damage to the left hemisphere could produce blindness where?
(IN BOTH RIGHT VISUAL FIELDS).
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Where is the auditory area?
(IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE)
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What does the auditory area do?
(ANALYSES SPEECH-BASED INFORMATION)
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What could damage to the auditory area result in?
(PARITAL HEARING LOSS THE MORE EXTENSIVE THE DAMAGE THE MORE EXTENSIVE THE LOSS).
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What would damage to the Wernicke’s area result in?
(COULD AFFECT THE ABILITY TO COMPREHEND LANGUAGE).
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Which lobe is the Wernicke’s area found in?
(TEMPORAL LOBE)
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What side of the brain is language restricted to?
(LEFT HEMISPHERE)
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What was the name of surgeon that identified a small area of the in the frontal lobe responsible for speech production?
(BROCA)
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Damage to the Broca’s area causes what?
(BROCA’S APHASIA)
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What characterises Broca’s aphasia?
(SLOW, LABORIOUS SPEECH WHICH LACKS FLUENCY E.G. TAN)
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Where is the Wernicke’s area of the brain?
(TEMPORAL LOBE)
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What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?
(LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION)
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If the Wernicke’s area is damaged what is the name of the disorder that it result it?
(WERNICKE’S APHASIA)
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If the wenicke’s area was damaged what could be the characteristics?
(DIFFICULTIES UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE NO PROBLEM PROCDUCING IT, SPEECH THAT IS FLUENT BUT MEANINGLESS NONSENSE WORDS)
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What was the name of the man who had a pole through his head?
(PHINEAS GAGE)
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What happened to Gage as a result of the pole through his head?
(WENT FORM A CALM AND RESERVED TO QUICK-TERMPERED AND RUDE).
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Does Phineas Gage support Localisation of function?
(YES- DAMAGE WAS TO THE FRONTAL CORTEX ASSOCIATED WITH PLANNING, REASONING & CONTROL. GAGE’S PERSONALITY CHANGED FROM MILD MANNERED TO RUDE. FRONTAL CORTEX HAS TO PLAY IN IMPORTANT HIGHER ORDER FUNCTIONS SUCH AS REASONING, LANGAGE & SOCIAL COGNITION
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Why is it difficult to draw general conclusions from the case of Gage?
(IT IS DIFFICULT TO GENERALISE FROM GAGE AS HE IS ONE INDIVIDUAL, SO OTHER PEOPLE MAY NOT REACT OR SHOW THE CHANGES FOLLOWING SUCH AN INCIDENT. HE SUFFERERD AN INFECTION AS A RESULT OF THE INJURY SO IT COULD HAVE BEEN THIS THAT DID THE DAMAGE).
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How did Petersen et al (1988) demonstrate that the Wenicke’s area was active during listening tasks and the Broca’s area was active during a reading task?
(BRAIN SCANS)
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What did Tulving et al (1994) find in a study of long term memory in localisation of function?
(SEMANTIC AND EPISODIC MEMORIES RESIDE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX)
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Do Brain scans support or go against localisation of function?
(SUPPORT)
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What is the practice of surgically removing or destroying areas of the brain to control aspects of behaviour called and who was this pioneered by?
(LOBOTOMY- WALTER FREEMAN)
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What were lobotomies used for typically?
(CONTROL AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR BY SEVERING CONNECTIONS IN THE FRONTAL LOBE).
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When is neurosurgery used today?
(SPARINGLY IN EXTREME CASES OF OCD AND DEPRESSION).
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Describe Dougherty et al (2002) study and fndings.
(44 OCD PATIENTS WHO HAD UNDERGONE A CINGULOTOMY A NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURE THAT INVOLVES LEIONING OF THE CINGULATE GYRUS. AT POST-SURGICAL FOLLOW UP AFTER 32 WEEKS, 1/3 MET THE CRITERIA FOR SUCCESSFUL REPONSE TO THE SURGERY & 14% FOR PARTIAL RESPONSE
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Describe Dougherty et al (2002) conclusion.
(THE SUCCESS OF PROCEDURES LIKE THIS STRONGLY SUGGESTS THAT SYMPTOMS AND BEHAVIOURS ASSOCIATED WITH SERIOUS MENTAL DISORDERS ARE LOCALISED.)
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Which case study is evidence for localisation of function?
(PHINEAS GAGE).
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What did Lashley’s research suggest?
(HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS SUCH AS THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LEARNING ARE NOT LOCALISED BUT DISTRIBUTED IN A MORE HOLISTC WAY IN THE BRAIN BUT DISTRIBUTED IN A MORE HOLISTIC WAY)
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What was the procedure of Lashley’s research?
(REMOVED AREAS OF THE CORTEX BETWEEN 10-50% IN RATS THAT WERE LEARNING A MAZE.)
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What was the findings of Lashley’s research?
(THE PROCESS OF LEARNING APPPEASRED TO REQUIRE EVERY PART OF THE CORTEX RATHER THAN BEING CONFINED TO A PARTICULAR AREA).
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What was the conclusion of Lashley’s research?
(IT SUGGESTS THAT LEARNING IS TOO COMPLEX TO BE LOCASALISED AND REQUIRES THE ONVOLVEMENT OF THE WHOLE BRAIN).
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Is Plasticity and cortical remapping a strength or a limitation for localisation of function?
(LIMITIATION)
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What is plasticity?
(WHEN THE BRAIN IS DAMAGED THROUGH ILLNESS OR ACCIDENT AND A PARTICULAR FUNCTUON HAS BEEN COMPRIMISED OR LOST THE REST OF THE BRAIN APPEARS ABLE TO REORGANISE ITSELF IN AN ATTEMPT TO RECOVER THE LOST FUNCTION.)
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What is the law of equipotentiality?
(SURVING BRAIN CIRCUITS CHIP IN SO THE SAME NEUROLOGICAL ACTION CAN BE ACHIEVED. ALTHOUGH THIS DOESN'T HAPPEN EVERY TIME, THERE ARE DOCUMENTED CASES OF STROKE VICTIMS BEING ABLE TO RECOVER ABILITIES THAT WERE SEEMINLY LOST AS A RESULT OF THE ILLNESS
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What did the holistic theory of the brain state?

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(THAT ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN WERE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSING OF THEOUGHT AND ACTION)

Card 3

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What is another way of saying localisation of function? C___________ S_____________________.

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Card 4

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What would Broca and Wenicke say would happen if a certain areas of the brain becomes damaged through illness or injury?

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Card 5

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The brain is divided in to two symmetrical halves, what are these called?

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