bio

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What are mitochondria?
Special structures where respiration happens.
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What is respiration?
The production of energy from the reaction of glucose and oxygen.
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Releasing energy from glucose without oxygen.
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When does anaerobic respiration happen?
In low oxygen environments or when exercising harder than usual.
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration = Glucose -----> a little energy + lactic acid
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What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration = Glucose + oxygen -----> energy + carbon dioxide + water
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Why cant we do anaerobic respiration for long?
Because it produces a chemical called lactic acid which causes cramp and muscle fatigue.
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What is oxygen debt?
When you payback the oxygen you need because of doing anaerobic respiration, to pay it back you pant.
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Where does respiration take place?
In the mitochondria.
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What are the waste materials in respiration?
Co2 and h20
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What are the 2 types of cell division?
Mitosis and meiosis
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What type of reproduction is mitosis?
Asexual reproduction.
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What type of reproduction is meiosis?
Sexual reproduction.
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What type of cells does mitosis happen in?
All body cells except for gametes.
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What type of cells does meiosis happen in?
Only gametes.
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What is mitosis required for?
Growth and repair.
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What is meiosis required for?
To produce gametes.
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Explain the process of mitosis.
In the nucleus there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. The chromosomes are copied to make 46 pairs. The chromosomes line up across the middle, then the chromosomes separate and the nucleus starts to divide. Half the chromatids are in each new nucleus.
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Explain the process of mitosis. cont.
The cell divides in 2. The daughter cells are identical to the parent.
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Explain the process of meiosis.
In the nucleus there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. The chromosomes are copied to make 46 pairs.The chromosomes then swap pieces of DNA. The chromosomes line up across the middle.
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Explain the process of meiosis. cont.
The cell divides in 2, and in 2 again so there is 23 single chromosomes. Each new cell is genetically different to the parent, and each other.
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Compare meiosis and mitosis.
Mitosis has 2 daughter cells, & meiosis has 4. Mitosis is used for growth and repair & meiosis is used to produce gametes. Mitosis has 46 pairs (23 single) of chromosomes in the daughter cell & meiosis has 23 single.
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Compare meiosis and mitosis. cont.
Mitosis is asexual reproduction and meiosis is sexual reproduction. The daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical & the daughter cells in meiosis are not genetically identical. Mitosis has 1 cell division & Meiosis has 2 cell divisions.
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What is a stem cell?
A cell that has not yet become specialised and has the potential to differentiate into any kind of cell.
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Where can adult stem cells be found?
Bone marrow
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Where can embryonic stem cells be found?
A developing embryo - usually one which has been discarded after IVF.
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What may treatment with stem cells be able to help?
Conditions such as paralysis.
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What are some advantages of stem cells?
Stem cells from an embryo can grow into any type of tissue. Large numbers of stem cells can be grown in the laboratory. Stem cells can be used in medical research or to treat some human diseases.
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What are some disadvantages of stem cells?
Collecting and growing stem cells is expensive. They may grow out of control and form cancers. Patients need to take drugs for the rest of their lives to prevent infection.What is the
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What the letter code for a girl?
**
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What is the letter code for a boy?
xy
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What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein, e.g, hair colour.
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Where are genes stored?
In the chromosomes.
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What are the chromosomes made up of?
DNA
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What is an allele?
Different forms of the same gene, e.g, if the gene is eye colour, the allele would be blue or brown or green.
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What is a dominant allele?
An allele that only shows if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele. For example, the allele for blue eyes is recessive. You need two copies of the allele to have blue eyes.
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What is a recessive allele?
An allele that always shows, even if the individual only has one copy of the allele. For example, the allele for brown eyes is dominant. You only need one copy of the allele to have brown eyes (and two copies will still give you brown eyes).
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What type of allele is cystic fibrosis caused by?
A recessive allele.
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How many copies of the diseased allele do you need in order to inherit cystic fibrosis?
You need 2 copies of the diseased allele to inherit cystic fibrosis because it is caused by a recessive allele.
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What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Thick sticky mucus is produced, which can : Line airways, which causes breathing problems and chest infections. Line the digestive system, causing problems with absorbing nutrients. Line the reproductive system and cause infertility.
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Let c = the gene for c.f. Let C = normal healthy gene. what would a suffer be? What would a healthy person be? What would a carrier be?
Sufferer = cc Healthy person = CC Carrier = Cc
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Card 2

Front

What is respiration?

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The production of energy from the reaction of glucose and oxygen.

Card 3

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What is anaerobic respiration?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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When does anaerobic respiration happen?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Back

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