Behaviourism Essay

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Hardy and Leahey, 2018
Decartes introduce the idea of a stimulus and machine dependent on external events whose soul was a ghost in the shell
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What is behaviourism?
Behaviourism refers to a psychological approach which emphasises scientific and objective methods of investigation
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What is behaviourism concerned with?
Observable stimulus response, behaviourists state that all behaviours are learnt through interaction with the environment
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What is the radical behaviourist movement?
1913, Watson wrote an article titled psychology as the behaviourist views it (1913)
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What happened in the decline of behaviourism?
After the recognition of internal processes changed behaviour
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What are the paragraphs in the essay?
rise of behaviourism, the claims and then evaluating the reasons why behaviourism failed
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What is the conclusion of this essay?
It was not a complete theory, one can not totally dismiss the effect the environment has on behaviour nor the role it plays in developing personality. However it is not the only 'exclusive' theory in which explaining behaviour
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What did this lead to?
Internal processes need to be taken into account which is why the cognitive approach was favoured post world war 2
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What is the first paragraph 1?
History of behaviourism
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What is structuralism?
Implemented by Titchener in the 19th century focused on studying the elements on the consciousness through a process of introspection
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Introspection was what
a method used by Wundt in his lab in Leipzeig prior to the founding of structuralism
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What did Wundt claim his introspection was?
Purely objective and scientific, referring to it as a type of experimental Selbstbeobachtungen
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Participants had to make ?
Comments about stimuli they had been presented with in a controlled and experimental sense
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What did Psychologists feel?
Their field has lost its original identity as the science of consciousness, and that Watson agreed with McDougall had no particular complaints against the old subject matter
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What did he think?
Behaviour too deserved attention (Epstein, 1987). In 1913, Watson went a step further. Psychology should study behaviour and the mind should be forbidden
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What do behaviourists feel?
Method was insufficiently objective
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Watson (1913)
Claimed that introspective methods prevented psychology from being recognised as a science
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What is paragraph 2?
Claim of the behaviourists
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Watson (1913)
Psychology should be limited to the directly observable behaviours arguing that we should focus only open a stimulus and a person's response to that stimuli
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What was Watson's claim?
He was purely concerned with the prediction and the control of human behaviour
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Watson and Rayner's (1920) Little Albert study
US: White rat, UCS: Loud noise, UCR: Fear, White rat paired with loud sound (UCS), Child's fearful response (UCR), Rat (CS), fearful response (CR)
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What was Watson's claim?
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed and my own special world to bring them up in and ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialised
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Such as what?
Doctor, Lawyer, artist, merchant chief, beggerman and thief
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Bough and Ferguson (2005)
This captures the essence of behaviourism, it ignores the relevance of individual differences and internal processes which makes it an incomplete theory
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What is the 3rd paragraph?
Watson claimed the existence of phylogenetic continuity
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What does this mean?
Watson (1930) claimed that animals and humans are the same, a human being is comparable directly to the work upon animals
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What did Skinner do?
Inspired by Pavlov's experiments: Classical conditioning
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Pavlov's experiment
US: Food, UCR: Salvation, NS: Tuning fork, No salivation, Tuning Fork and Food --> UCR salivation, CS: Tuning fork --> CR Salivation
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What did Skinner wish to do?
Implement this method into how humans may come to learn associations between stimuli, this lead to skinner developing operant conditioning, Positive reinforcement: Likelihood of a similar response (Mischel, 1993)
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Paragraph 4
Tolman
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What did Greenword (1999) suggest?
The ignorance of internal processes lead to the decline of behaviourism
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Who was Tolman?
The least radical behaviourist, might be called a neobehaviourist, Tolman argued that Watson's overly mechanic approaches to human learning and behaviour were incorrect
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What did Tolman argue?
Intervening processes can modify the extent to which learning takes place, he supported the idea that behaviour was goal directed and expectancy related
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Tolman (1948)
People and animals are active information processes and not passive learners as behaviourism had suggested. He developed a cognitive view of learning that has become very popular in modern Psych
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What do Tolman believe that individuals do?
More than merely respond to stimuli; they act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive toward goals.
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What was Tolman?
Tolman was virtually the only behaviourist who found the stimulus response theory unacceptable because reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur. He felt behaviour was mainly cognitive
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What did Tolman do?
coined the term 'cognitive map', which is an internal representation (image) of external environemental feature or landmarks.
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What do Individual's acquire?
Large number of cues (signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment (cognitive map)
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By using internal representation of a physical space what could they do?
Get the goal by knowing where it is in a complex of environmental features. Short cuts and changeable routes are possible with this model
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Therefore what does it seem?
Recognition of intervening processes lead to the downfall of behaviourism
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What would skinner argue?
Skinner argued that rat learn to navigate through a maze through the behaviourist principle of operant conditioning
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By placing food at each intersect of the maze, what did skinner state?
Rats would learn due to food reward
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What would Tolman claim about the rat?
The rats had built up a cogintive map of the maze, an element in which radical behaviourist claims could not account for
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What were behaviourists begging to do?
Divert the attention to internal processes, such claims meant that these processes were becoming important in psychology
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What did Kant emphasise?
the importance of understanding brain functions. Behaiourist psychology was now recognising the important of internal human processes and this arguably Tolman’s claims lead to the downfall of behaviourism
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What is paragraph 5?
Chomsky
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What was written in 1957?
Verbal behaviour, which made radical behaviourism claims about child developmental psychology
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What was suggested?
- Children’s language acquisition takes place in a purely mechanic manner through operant conditioning
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What did Chomsky write in reply?
A review of this method, which lead to the downfall of behaviourism in 1959
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What did he suggest?
That language acquisition cannot possibly take place in such mechanistic fashion, children learn to speak even when they have poverty of a stimulus
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For example?
Children are not surrounded by grammatically correct adults. They still learn to speak
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Specific example?
In certain cultures where children are encouraged to be seen and not heard, language still develops
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What does Skinner's behaviourist account of language what?
Not account for children learning to speak even when caregivers do not reinforce their incorrect responses , What about other factors? Can children learn by other means
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What is behaviourism?

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Behaviourism refers to a psychological approach which emphasises scientific and objective methods of investigation

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What is behaviourism concerned with?

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Card 4

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What is the radical behaviourist movement?

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What happened in the decline of behaviourism?

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