BE 7: Neuroeconomics

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  • Created by: charlie
  • Created on: 04-05-18 13:31
Neuroeconomics: definition
Study of the biological microfoundations (neurochemical mechanisms) of economic cognition (emotions/ decision-making/ preferences/ memory/ behaviour...)
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Neuroeconomics differences...
Treats economics at natural science by looking inside the 'black box' (gets rid of 'as if' assumptions/ info asymmetry by looking directly in the brain)
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Methods + tools (humans): 1) Studying humans with lesions in brain
Gives info about the function of the brain area
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Methods + tools (humans): 2) Observing the brain
1) Indirect (blood pressure/ pupil dilation = mental effort) 2) Direct (brain imagery EEG/ fMRI)
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Methods + tools (humans): 3) Stimulating the brain
Psychopharmacological interventions (placebo controlled administer of substances to inform functioning of neurotransmitter/ neurohormones e.g. Oxytocin)
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Methods + tools (animals): 1) Create controlled lesions in brain
Gives info about whether that area of the brain is essential for function
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Methods + tools (humans): 2) Single cell recording
Measuring the electrical potential of particular neurones
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The brain system
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The brain system: Neoclassical economics
Analytic system (external): slow/ conscious/ forward-looking/ self-regulating/ effortful + exhaustible
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The brain system: Psychology
Affective system (internal): fast/ unconscious/ myopic/ effortless
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The brain system: Analytic + Affective systems interact
Behavioural economics
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Insights: Decisions under risk: theory
Neoclassical: risk is equated with variation of outcomes + one-dimensional/ Neuroeconomics: different parts of brain process risk (known prob. = risk aversion) and ambiguity (unknown prob. = behavioural biases)
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Insights: Decisions under risk: 2D:4D finger experiment
Individuals with longer 4th finger (smaller 2D:4D ratio) had higher profits (longer 4th finger = more testosterone = more risk in trades = more success on avg.)
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Insights: Prospect theory relation to the brain
1) Genetic differences change sensitivity to framing (reference point) 2) Different brain locations for loss/ gain (loss aversion) 3) Other biological correlates with overweighting low prob + underweighting high prob (non-linear decision weights)
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Insights: Intertemporal choices: general model
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Insights: Intertemporal choices: quasi-hyperbolic model
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Insights: Intertemporal choices: quasi-hyperbolic equation
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Insights: preferences + utility
Neoclassical: emotions underlying choice unable to be objectively measured, so use preference theory ('as if' - unobserved characteristics reveals by observable choices)/ Neuroscience: emotions can be objectively measures
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Insights: social preferences: responder behaviour in ultimatum game
When an unfair offer was given there was an even lower acceptance if given by human than robot (affective system 'punishes' as emotional response)
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Insights: social preferences: trust + neurohormone (Oxytocin)
Oxytocin promotes sense of trust (in humans + animals) as when individuals given a dose (Psychopharmalogical intervention) they were more likely to give back more of their winning amount (% of $10 x3 = $30)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Neuroeconomics differences...

Back

Treats economics at natural science by looking inside the 'black box' (gets rid of 'as if' assumptions/ info asymmetry by looking directly in the brain)

Card 3

Front

Methods + tools (humans): 1) Studying humans with lesions in brain

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Methods + tools (humans): 2) Observing the brain

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Methods + tools (humans): 3) Stimulating the brain

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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