Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.
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Saturated Hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon with single bonds only.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
A Hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
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Alicyclic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.
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Functional Group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for it's chemical reactions.
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Homologous Series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
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Alkanes
The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
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Nomenclature
A system of naming compounds
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Alkyl Group
An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed. Any alkyl group is often shown as "R".
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General Formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. (E.G. CnH2n+2)
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Displayed Formula
Shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
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Structural Formula
Shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
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Skeletal Formula
A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
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Structural Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula, but with a DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT of the atoms in space.
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E/Z Isomerism
A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
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Cis-Trans Isomerism
A special type of E/Z Isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of the C=C. The "cis" isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side; the "trans" isomer has the H atoms on each carbon of different sides.
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Homolytic Fission
is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. The two species are of the same type.
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Radical
A species with an unpaired electron. A single dot is often written next to the species to represent the unpaired electron.
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Heterolytic Fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms forming a cation and an anion. The two species are different.
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Nucleophile
An atom (or a group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Electrophile
An atom (or groups of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Addition Reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
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Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms. (2 Reactants= 2 Products)
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Elimination Reaction
Refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. (1 Reactant= 2 Products)
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Fractional Distillation
The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractioning column.
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Cracking
Refers to the breaking down of long- chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes or alkenes.
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Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
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Radical Substitution
A type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.
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Mechanism
A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.
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Initiation
The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation
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Termination
The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
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Pi-Bond
The Reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of P-Orbitals.
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Electrophillic Addition
A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Carbocation
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.
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Curly Arrow
A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.
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Polymer
A long molecular chain built up from monomer units.
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Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
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Addition Polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain (the addition polymer)
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Addition Polymer
A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers).
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Repeat Unit
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeat units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol, n.
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Biodegradable Material
A material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.
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Propagation
The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Back

a hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

Card 3

Front

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Alicyclic Hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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