BA Phonetics and Phonology

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Name the 3 sections of the vocal tract and what they do
Subglottal (process of Initiation - produces airstream), Larynx (Phonation - Pronunciation and Voicing), Supraglottal (Articulation - Shapes words to produce variety of sounds)
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How do you make sound?
By moving air to create pressure difference.
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What is it called when air movement is initiated by the lungs?
Pulmonic Airstream Mechanism
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What are the two ways of creating air pressure difference?
Compression - when the AP is higher in the tract than outside. Air flows out. Decompression (Rarefaction) - AP lower in tract than outside. Air flows in.
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What is it also known as when air flows in and out the vocal tract?
Ingressive Airstream and Egressive Airstream
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Where are the vocal folds and what results in different sound qualities?
The vocal folds are inside the Larynx. In between the VF is the Glottis. Different states of the Glottis results in different sound qualities.
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How is a voiced sound produced?
When the vocal folds are together and vibrate.
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How is a voiceless sound produced?
When the vocal folds are apart.
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How do we create pitch?
A different rate of vibration of the vocal folds. The faster they vibrate, the higher the pitch.
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How is quality of sound impacted?
By the rate of manner of vibration.
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What is the difference between the Active Articulator and the Passive Articulator?
The Active Articulator is the place of movement. The Passive Articulator is the target of movement.
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What are Articulators?
The parts of the vocal tract that move close in articulation.
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What is the place of articulation?
Where the main change in shape occurs.
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What is the 'degree of stricture'?
The distance between articulators. E.g. Lips together = maximum
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Describe an Oral stop.
Complete closure of the oral cavity. No air can escape at all. When suddenly released, there is a sudden burst of air.
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What are the 3 manners of articulation?
Complete closure (Plosive sounds), Close approximation - Small channel (Fricatives), Open approximation - No obstruction (Vowels and Approximants)
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What are Affricates?
Sequences of plosives and fricatives put together. When a sound starts as a plosive and turns into a fricative.
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Describe Nasal Stops
When there is complete closure of oral cavity but air can escape through nose. E.g. /m/
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Descrive a Fricative
When there isn't complete closure but air is forced through a really small gap. Airflow is very turbulent.
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What are Approximants?
Produced when the articulators are in open approximation and produce sound without any turbulence.
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What is the manner of articulation?
The shape the articulators make when producing a sound.
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Describe vowels.
In the middle of syllables, surrounded by consonants. Usually voiced and can be sustained.
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How do we describe vowels?
By where the highest point of the tongue is.
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What is the Vowel Quadrilateral?
A diagram of the mouth/throat that shows where the vowels are articulated.
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What is the difference between a monothong and a diphthong?
A monothong is a single state vowel. A diphthong is two vowels that blend together.
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What are Cardinal vowels?
Extreme vowel sounds that don't really exist, they are just used as a reference point.
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What are 'taps'?
Very short, non maintainable stops.
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What are 'trills'?
Sequence of taps.
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What are 'ejectives'?
Sharp plosives without air from the lungs.
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What are 'clicks'?
Often used for signs of affection or disapproval. Not core sounds, more paralinguistic.
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What is Phonotactics?
The way in which sounds are combined to form words.
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What are Phonemes?
The main sounds used to distinguish words from each other.
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How do we work out if two phones function as separate phonemes in a language?
Look for minimal pairs.
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What is a minimal pair?
A pair of words with different meaning that differ by just one sound. Used to determine if 2 sounds are phonemes in a language.
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What are the three things classed as Suprasegmentals?
Pitch (frequency of vibration of vocal folds), Voice Quality (Manner and way in which vocal folds vibrate) and Stress (speed of articulatory movement and amount of airflow).
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What is the basic syllable structure?
Onset and Rhyme, rhyme then split into nucleus and coda. Consonant/Vowel/Consonant pattern.
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How do we test for minimal pairs?
The substitution test. If you say 2 words with one differing sound to a native, and they think you're trying to say the same word, then there is a minimal pair.
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What are allophones?
When two phones can be interchanged without impacting the meaning of the word. In this case, natives know which sound to use based on before and after sounds.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How do you make sound?

Back

By moving air to create pressure difference.

Card 3

Front

What is it called when air movement is initiated by the lungs?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the two ways of creating air pressure difference?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is it also known as when air flows in and out the vocal tract?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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