B8- Exchange and Transport in Animals
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- Created by: MelissaEsmeralda
- Created on: 13-04-19 15:42
State the substances that need to diffuse into an animal cell for respiration (2)
Glucose and Oxygen
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Some organisms only rely on diffusion. Explain their adaptations (3)
They have a large surface area:volume ratio, a flat/thin body and are small in size
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Why are organisms that rely only on diffusion small in size/ have a flat body?
They are small in size because this gives a smaller distance to diffuse, across fewer layers of cells.
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What adaptation do small animals have? (relating to SA:V ratio)
Small animals have a large surface area compared to their volume
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How is SA:V ratio worked out?
Surface area over volume
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Why can't humans/ large animals just use diffusion to get materials?
The larger a cells surface area, the more of a substance can diffuse into and out of it in a certain time. However, if a cells volume is too big, the cell cannot fill up with all the materials it needs quickly enough.
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How do you work out surface area?
height x width x no. of sides
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How do you work out volume?
height x width x depth
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Where does gas exchange (diffusion) happen in humans?
Gas exchange happens in little air sacs called alveoli
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What are the adaptations of alveoli?
1. Moist lining for dissolving gases 2. Good blood supply 3. Thin walls to minimise diffusion distance 4. Large surface area to increase rate of diffusion
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What is the equation for calculating concentration?
Concentration (gdm⁻³)= (mass of solute in g) over (volume of solution in dm³)
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20g of glucose is dissolved in 160cm³ of water. Calculate the glucose concentration in gcm⁻³
0.125gcm⁻³
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20g of glucose is dissolved in 160cm³ of water. Calculate glucose concentration in gdm⁻³
125gdm⁻³
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Which 3 things do the rate of diffusion depend on?
Distance, Concentration gradient and Surface area
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What is Concentration Gradient?
The difference in concentrations in two areas
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Why does rate of diffusion depend on distance?
Substances diffuse more quickly when they don't have as far to move
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Why does rate of diffusion depend on concentration gradient?
Substances diffuse faster if there is a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusing from and the area they are diffusing to
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Why does rate of diffusion depend on surface area?
The more surface area there is available for molecules to move across, the faster they can get from one side to the other
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Which 2 things is rate of diffusion directly proportional to?
concentration gradient (difference) and surface area
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What is rate of diffusion inversely proportional to?
Distance
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What is Fick's law?
rate of diffusion is directly proportional to (surface area x conc. difference) over (thickness of membrane)
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The oxygen concentration at place X=1000mol/µm³, at Y=5000mol/µm³, and at Z=4000mol/µm³. Between which two of these places is the rate of diffusion highest?
X and Y would have the highest rate of diffusion because the difference in concentration is greatest, therefore the concentration gradient is steepest and rate of diffusion is faster.
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What are the three types of blood vessel in the body?
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
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What is the function of an Artery?
To carry the blood away from the heart (Artery= Away)
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What are the adaptations of Arteries?
They have thick elastic walls to withstand blood at high pressure
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What is the function of a Vein?
To carry blood into the heart (veIN=IN to heart)
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What are the adaptations of Veins?
They have a wide lumen (hole) to reduce resistance, and they have valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way
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What is the function of a Capillary?
To exchange glucose, oxygen and water for carbon dioxide, urea and water
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What are the adaptations of Capillaries?
They have thin walls for diffusion so tissue fluid is able to leak out
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What kind of 'pump system' do fish have?
Fish have a single pump system
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What kind of 'pump system' do humans have?
Humans have a double pump system, because they have both the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart
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How many chambers does the human heart have?
There are 4 heart chambers in the heart, with the top chamber in each side acting as a 'waiting room'
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Which chambers of the heart beat together?
The top two chambers beat together and the bottom two chambers beat together
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Which 4 things does blood consist of?
Blood consists of Erythrocytes (red blood cells), white blood cells (such as Lymphocytes), Plasma, and Platelets
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What are the two types of white blood cells?
Phagocytes (engulf and digest) and Lymphocytes (create antibodies)
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What is the function of a Phagocyte? (quick summary)
To engulf and digest foreign objects and cells from the blood
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What is the function of a Lymphocyte? (quick summary)
To create antibodies to fight off infection
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What is the function of Erythrocytes?
To carry oxygen around the body
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Why do Erythrocytes have no nucleus?
To leave more space for oxygen
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What does 'biconcave shape' mean?
Bi= two, and concave=goes in, therefore biconcave= concave on both sides of the cell
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Why do Erythrocytes have a biconcave shape?
To increate surface area which allows quick diffusion of oxygen (O₂) in and out
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What colour is Spider blood? (and why?)
Spider's blood is green in colour because they have copper at the centre of their blood molecules
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Why are Erythrocytes red in colour?
They are packed with a molecule called haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen. Iron is at the centre of this molecule so it is red in colour/
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What are the functions of white blood cells?
To fight off infection (particularly by lymphocytes) and phagocytes remove foreign objects/cells from the body/blood
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What is an adaptation of Lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes make antibodies to fight off infection
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What are 2 adaptations of Phagocytes?
Phagocytes can change shape to engulf foreign objects/cells and they have digestive enzymes to destroy/digest these foreign objects
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What is the function of Plasma?
To carry dissolved substances around the body (e.g. glucose, mineral ions, proteins, urea)
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What is an adaptation of Plasma?
Plasma is a liquid solvent with dissolved substances in it that can flow around the body easily
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What is the function of Platelets?
To help blood clot (in the right places at the right times)
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What are the adaptations of Platelets?
They can make substances that help blood to clot and are involved in making a mesh- they are also tiny fragments of cells themselves. They can make these substances to encourage clotting.
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What do valves do?
They ensure that the blood is flowing in the right direction.
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What are the 2 options for a valve?
The valve can be either open, or closed to stop blood flowing the wrong way
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What is the heart?
The heart is a muscular organ, beating approximately 70 times a minute
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What is the heart made up of?
Muscle, nerve tissue, fat, arteries and veins.
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How many times does the heart beat per minute?
Approximately 70 times per minute, however it is lower if you are healthier or more fit, and higher if excited
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What does the blood collect when pumped to the lungs?
Oxygen
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What kind of circulatory system do mammals have?
Mammals have a double circulatory system.
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What does a double circulatory system mean?
It means that the heart pumps blood around the body in 2 circuits which carry 2 different types of blood- oxygenated (arteries) and deoxygenated (veins)
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Why shouldn't oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix?
It causes the circulatory system to lose efficiency and the concentration gradient is reduced
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Which sides of the heart are oxygenated/deoxygenated?
The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood whereas the left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood
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What colours are deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood (veins) is dark red, and less serious to bleed. Oxygenated blood (arteries) is bright red and more serious to bleed- it is often depicted as blue.
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What is the first step in the journey of blood through the heart?
Deoxygenated blood returns from the body through the vena cava
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What is the second step in the journey of blood through the heart?
Blood passes into the right atrium
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What is the third step in the journey of blood through the heart?
The right atrium contracts forcing blood down to the right ventricle
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What is the fourth step in the journey of blood through the heart?
Contraction of the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
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What is the fifth step in the journey of blood through the heart?
Blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
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What is the sixth step in the journey of blood through the heart?
Contraction of the left atrium sends blood to the left ventricle
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What is the seventh step in the journey of blood through the heart?
The left ventricle contracts with great force sending blood to the body through the aorta
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What is systolic pressure?
The pressure that occurs in your arteries during contraction of your heart muscle
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What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure that occurs when the heart muscle is relaxed (between contractions)
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How are the contraction and relaxation controlled during each heartbeat?
The contraction and relaxation of muscles during each heartbeat are controlled by impulses from the nervous system
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What is the heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats each minute
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What is the cardiac/stroke volume?
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each beat
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What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pushed through the aorta each minute
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How is cardiac output calculated?
cardiac output (litres/min)=stroke volume (litres/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)
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What is respiration?
A series of chemical reactions where we release energy from glucose
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What is cellular respiration?
Respiration that occurs inside a cell
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Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?
Respiration is exothermic
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What are the uses of respiration in animals?
To enable muscle contraction, and to build larger molecules from smaller ones
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What are the uses of respiration in mammals and birds?
To maintain a steady body temperature in cold surroundings
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What are the uses of respiration in plants?
To build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which then form proteins
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What are the 3 different types of respiration?
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration in plants/yeast
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What is the word equation of aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
In the mitochondria of cells
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How efficient is aerobic respiration compared to other types?
Aerobic respiration is the best type of respiration because you get the most energy out of this method. It is the most efficient type of respiration
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What is the symbol equation of aerobic respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is respiration that happens in animals and bacteria WITHOUT oxygen
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How efficient is anaerobic respiration compared to other types?
It is less efficient than aerobic respiration and it is not ideal. One of the products is lactic acid, which is harmful to the body.
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid
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Why do you often breathe heavily after exercising?
When you exercise, you often respire using anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic. Lactic acid requires oxidising after it has been produced so after exercising you are in oxygen debt. This causes you to breathe deeply for a short time
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What is the word equation of anaerobic respiration in plants/yeast?
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
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CORE PRACTICAL: what was the aim of the core practical?
To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of aerobic respiration in organisms
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CORE PRACTICAL: what was the independent variable in this investigation?
The temperature
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CORE PRACTICAL: what was the dependent variable in this investigation?
The distance moved by the liquid
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CORE PRACTICAL: what apparatus was required for the investigation?
1. Boiling tube containing plug of cotton wool and 1M potassium hydroxide 2. Capillary tube and bung with millimetre scale 3. 2 water baths- 35˚, room temperature and ice cold water 4. Forceps 5. Stop Clock 6. Germinating chickpeas
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CORE PRACTICAL: What does 1M potassium hydroxide mean?
One mole (6.02 x 10²³ particles) of potassium hydroxide
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CORE PRACTICAL: what are the first 2 steps of this practical?
1. Put 6 germinating chickpeas into the boiling tubes provided- will contain wool soaking in 1M potassium hydroxide 2. Put in bung/capillary tube and leave for 10 minutes
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CORE PRACTICAL: what are the next 2 steps of the practical?
3. Introduce a small amount of blue dye; clamp the boiling tube horizontally and put the end of the capillary tube into the beaker and blue dye 4. Turn the tube vertically and clamp in the water baths
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CORE PRACTICAL: how is the dependent variable measured?
Mark the position of the coloured liquid in the tubes and time for 5 minutes, then mark the position of the coloured liquid again and measure the distance travelled
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CORE PRACTICAL: describe the relationship between the temperature and rate of aerobic respiration
The greater the temperature, the greater the distance travelled by the coloured liquid in the tube containing organisms
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Some organisms only rely on diffusion. Explain their adaptations (3)
Back
They have a large surface area:volume ratio, a flat/thin body and are small in size
Card 3
Front
Why are organisms that rely only on diffusion small in size/ have a flat body?
Back
Card 4
Front
What adaptation do small animals have? (relating to SA:V ratio)
Back
Card 5
Front
How is SA:V ratio worked out?
Back
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