B6

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  • Created by: zoe
  • Created on: 31-01-14 09:38
What is a stimulus?
a change in an organisms environment
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What is an animal's response coordinated by?
the central nervous system (CNS)
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What is the CNS also known as?
the processing centre
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What is the CNS connected to the body by?
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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What does the CNS consist of?
the brain and spiral chord
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What does the PNS consist of?
sensory neurons and motor neurons
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What do sensory neurons do?
carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
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What do motor neurons do?
carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
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What is the job of muscle cells (the effectors)?
impulses travel along motor neurons and stop at them so they contact
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What happens to light receptors in the retina of the eye?
the lens focuses light onto them and they are then stimulated and send impulses along sensory neurons to the brain
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What happens to hormone secreting cells in a gland (effectors)?
an impulse travels along a motor neuron and stops at them. this triggers the release of the hormone into the bloodstream.
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What are neurons?
specially-adapted cells that carry an electrical signal when stimulated
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Why are neurons elongated?
to make make connections between different parts of your body.
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Why do neurons have branched endings?
so that a single neuron can act on many other neurons or effectors.
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What happens in motor neurons?
the cytoplasm forms a long fibre surrounded by a cell membrane called an axon.
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What does the fatty sheath that surrounds some axons do?
insulates the neuron from neighbouring cells and increases the speed at which the nerve impulse is transmitted.
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What are synapses?
the gaps between adjacent neurons.
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What is step 1 of how are impulses transferred between neurons?
nerve impulse reaches the synapse through the sensory neuron.
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What is step 2 of how are impulses transferred between neurons?
the impulse triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the synapse.
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What is step 3 of how are impulses transferred between neurons?
neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of a motor neuron
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What is step 4 of how are impulses transferred between neurons?
A nerve impulse is sent through the motor neuron.
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What do receptor molecules only bind with?
certain chemicals to start a nerve impulse in the motor neuron.
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What is a reflex action?
a fast, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.
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What is the basic pathway for a reflex arc?
receptor's stimulated, impulses pass along sensory neuron into spinal chord, sensory neuron synapses with a relay neuron bypassing the brain, relay neuron synapses with motor neuron sending impulses to effectors, effectors respond.
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What does the fixed pathway of neurons allow?
a very rapid response as there isn't any processing of information by the brain
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What is the stepping reflex in newborn babies?
when held under its arms in an upright position, with feet on a firm surface, a baby makes walking movements with its legs.
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What is the grasping reflex in newborn babies?
baby tightly grasps a finger that is placed in its hand.
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What is the rooting reflex in newborn babies?
baby turns head and opens mouth ready to feed when its cheek is stroked.
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What is the sucking reflex in newborn babies?
baby sucks on a finger (or mothers ******) that is put in its mouth.
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What is the pupil reflex in adults?
when your eye stops bright lights from damaging your retina .
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How does the pupil reflex work?
your iris controls the amount of light that enters your eye by contracting various muscle fibres
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What is the stimulus that naturally triggers a response called?
primary stimulus.
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What is a new stimulus called?
secondary stimulus.
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What has to happen to form a conditioned reflex action?
an association between the primary and secondary stimulus has to formed.
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Who discovered the conditioned reflex effect?
Pavlov
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What does the final response have in a conditional reflex?
no direct connection to the stimulus
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What can some conditional reflexes do?
increase a species chance of survival.
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What can condition reflexes also be refereed as?
simple learning
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What can your brain sometimes do by sending a signal, via neutron, to the motor neuron in the reflex arc?
override or modify a reflex action
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What do mammals complex brain contain billions of?
neurons
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Why do mammals have so many neurons?
to allow them to learn from experience, including learning how to respond to different situations and social behaviour.
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In mammals brains what are formed in the brain during development?
neuron pahways
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What increases as each neuron matures in the brain?
number of synapses
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What happens each time you have a new experience?
a different neuron pathway is stimulated
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What happens to the pathway each time a new experience is repeated?
it strengthens
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What happens eventually to pathways that aren't used regularly?
they're deleted
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What happens to pathways that are activated the most?
they're preserved
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What does PET stand for?
positron emission tomography
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What does a PET scan provide?
a 3D image which shows neuron activity in parts of the brain in response to learning words through speaking, seeing or hearing them
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What happens to areas that are stimulated the most?
they develop more synapses between neutrons
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What can you check to see if development in children is following normal patterns?
developmental milestones
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What could it mean if milestones are late or missing?
there are neurological problems or the child is lacking stimulation
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What are feral children?
children who have been isolated from society in some way so they don't go through the normal developmental process
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In the absence of any other humans what do children learn to do instead of gaining the ability to talk?
make rudimentary grunting noises
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What does the variety of potential pathways in the brain make it possible for animals to do?
adapt to knew situations, like being trained by a human.
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In what area of the brain are intelligence, memory, language, and consciousness dealt with?
the cerebral cortex
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What 3 different methods have scientists used to map the cerebral cortex?
physiological techniques, electronic techniques and MRI scanning
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What is memory?
the ability to store and retrieve information
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What happens in short term memory?
stores information for a limited period of time
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What happens in long term memory?
stores an unlimited amount of information
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What can be done to short term memories to become long term?
rehearse them
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Why is the rehearse method argued?
It has been proved wrong but they don't really know how memory works so they are continuing to research
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What two reasons might be why we forget things?
physical- like neurons decaying or lack of retrieval- like not using the information
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What disease is likely to be caused by neurons decaying?
Alzheimer's disease
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What can make us more likely to remember information?
repeating it, having a strong stimulus associated with it, you can see a pattern in it or impose a pattern on it
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How do some drugs and toxins affect the nervous system?
by changing the speed at which nerve impulses travel to the brain
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How else other than speed can drugs affect the nervous system?
send false signals to the brain, prevent nerve impulses from travelling across synapses, overload the nervous system with too many nerve impulses.
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What is serotonin?
a chemical transmitter used in the CNS
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What sort of effects can serotonin have?
mood enhancing effects
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By blocking the transporter sites causing serotonin to build up in the synapse what effects does ecstasy cause?
serotonin concentrations in the brain to increase and the user to experience feelings of elation.
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After using ecstasy what can be be caused in the long term?
memory loss
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What is the process in which serotonin follows?
it passes across the brains synapses, landing on receptor molecules, serotonin not on a receptor is absorbed back into the transmitting neuron by the transporter molecules.
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What are nervous and chemical response systems necessary to control?
the body's functions
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What responses are nervous responses shorter than?
chemical responses
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is an animal's response coordinated by?

Back

the central nervous system (CNS)

Card 3

Front

What is the CNS also known as?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the CNS connected to the body by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the CNS consist of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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