B6

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what does a bacteria cell include?
A plasmid, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, dna strand, Flagellum
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What does the DNA strand do in the bacteria cell?
Controls the cells activity and replication
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What four shapes does a bacteria cell come in?
Rod, Curved rods, Sphere, Spiral
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How does bacteria reproduce?
Asexually. By a process called binary fission
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What's the aseptic technique used for culturing bacteria?
Bacteria is grown on a ajar plate, the sample is transferred to the plate by using an inoculation loop
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Why is it important to use aseptic techniques while culturing bacteria?
To prevent yourself from affection, to stop the agar from being contaminated form other microbes
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what are viruses?
Viruses are NOT cells. They are protein coats around a strand of genetic material.
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How do viruses reproduce?
Inside living cells known as the host.
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What can viruses infect?
Plants,animals and bacterial cells.
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How are diseases in foods transmitted?
Poorly cooked food that has already been contaminated by bacteria
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How does poor sanitation link with high incidence of disease
Poor sanitation is linked with a high incidence. E.G--> a high incidence of food poisioning and cholera might be caused by lack of clean water or a rubbish sewage system
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What are the four main stages in an infectious disease?
1. Enters the body. 2. reproduces rapidly 3. produces toxins 4. toxins cause symptoms of infection
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How do antiseptics and antibiotics control diseases?
There are chemicals that destroy bacteria or stop them from growing
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What are antiseptics used for?
To prevent infection rather than treat it
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What are antibiotics used for?
Used to treat patients that are infected, they only kill bacteria not viruses
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Do diseases spread rapidly after natural disasters?
YES
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Why do diseases spread rapidly after natural diseases?
Because damage to sewage systems and water supplies, health services can be disrupted by damaged transport, electricity supplies.
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What is the equation for fermentation?
Glucose--------> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
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what is the word equation for aerobic respiration for plants and animals?
Glucose + Oxygen -------> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
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Does in fermentation take place in the absence of oxygen?
YES- or else the alcohol will turn into vinegar
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What else can yeast be used for?
Treating contaminated water before it is released- uses up the sugar in respiration
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Why is distillation used in brewing?
to separate the alcohol out of the alcohol-water solution that is produced by fermentation
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at what temperature are fermentation products heated at?
78 Celsius
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what is biomass?
living or recently dead organic material e.g plant matter,l it also a store of energy. can be transferred to more useful form e.g can be fermented by yeast and bacteria to create products such as biogas
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what is biogas
70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide, traces of hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.
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what happens if biogas contains less than 10% methane and containing more than 50% methane
10%- explosive and 50%- burns easily
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how can biogas be used as a fuel
burned to power a turbine- used to generate electricity. Good for producing lecky in remote areas. burned to heat water and produce steam and heat central heating systems, or fuel for cars and buses
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what is bio gas made from?
plant waste, animal poo and a simple fermenter called a digester
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what constant temperature do you need to keep digester's at?
30-40 Celcius - optimum temp for the bacteria to respire ( cooler then the reaction will be slower and if higher the bacteria will be destroyed)
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how do simple bio gas generators work?
an inlet of waste material is put in, an outlet of digestive material to be put through, and outlet so the bio gas can be piped out where it is needed
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What are the advantages of bio gases?
Sustainable, plants grown photosynthesise ( this removes CO2), cleaner than diesel and petrol because it does not produce particulates
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Disadvantages of bio fuels?
Not as much energy as natural gas, habitat loss, extinction of species
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Why is ethanol a good bio fuel?
cleaner fuel than diesel and petrol because it produces fewer pollutants. And it is renewable
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What is "gasohol"?
10% ethanol and 90% petrol
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Why is gasohol good?
It means less crude oil is being used up and the growth of crops for ethanol production means that CO2 is being absorbed
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Why does Brazil have an extensive use of gasohol?
It is economically viable as they have lots of sugar cane
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What are the 3 types of soil?
Clay, Sand and Loam
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Which soil is the best?
Loam
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What are sandy soils made up of?
Large mineral particles that leave large gaps in the soil. This leads to high air content and is very permeable
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What are clay soils made up of?
Small particles that leave small gaps in the soil. This leads to low air coneant and low permeablilty
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How is soil an ecosystem?
Contains complex food webs, herbivores carnivores and detritivores
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What must soil contain for organisms to survive in it?
Oxygen and water
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Name several types of organisms that live in soil?
microscopic protozoans, fungi, nematode worms and bacteria
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Why is humus good for the soil?
increase air content in the soil
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How do earthworms keep the soil healthy and fertile?
burys leaves or other organic materail in the soil, burrows allow aeration and waters, they mix up soil layers which distributes the nutrients more equally, and the poo helps neutralise the soil acidity
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What are the advantages of living in water?
No risk of water shortage or dehydration, less variation in temp, supports for animal that have no skeletal systems (jellyfish) and waste disposal is easier.
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Disadvantages of living in water?
More resistant to movement- so they require more energy to move about, they have to be able to control water amount or else they would die.
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How amoebas regulate water content?
by using contractile vacuoles which collect the water that diffuses by osmosis.
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Whata re the two types of plankton?
Phytoplankton (feeds on plants) and Zooplankton (feeds on animals)
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How to plankton populations vary?
By season
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When do phytoplankton populations usually increase?
late spring or late summer because of the algal bloom
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What is the most common food web in the oceans?
Grazing food webs
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What are the causes of water pollution?
Fertilisers and sewage cause Eutrophication and industrial chemicals and pesticides
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How are Enzymes used in medical products?
They are used for diabetes with the test Benedict solution, now we use reagent strips if dipped in urine if sugar is present.
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How are enzymes used in food industry?
Table sugar (sucrose) used to sweeten food. Cheese- the enzymes Rennet is used to clot milk in the first stages of production, Juice extraction- the enyme Pectinnase breaks down pectin (pectin is part of the cell wall in apples and oranges)
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Why industries emobilise enzymes?
So the enzymes don't separate out after the reaction has taken place
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How are enzymes emobilised?
You encapsulate them in alginate beads. The beads are formed by mixing the enzymes with alginate, then dropping the mixture into a calcium chloridesolution like milk.
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are immobilised enzymes still active?
they are and still help speed up reactions
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What can immobilised enzymes be used to make?
Lactose- free milk, this is done by the enzyme lactase. This breaks down lactose into glucose and galatose, this can be absorbed by someone who is lactose intolherent.
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How are immobilised enzymes used in reagent strips?
The enzyme in the ***** causes it to change different colours depending on the glucose concentration
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What is genetic engineering?
This alters the genetic code of an organism. A gene giving a desirable characteristic is removed from one organism and inserted into another.
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What are the 5 main steps of genetic engineering?
1. identify the gene 2. remove the gene from the organisms dna 3. cut open the dna of the organism that you want to put the gene into 4. insert the gene into the dna of the other 5. the host is now a transgenic organism
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How can bacteria make human insulin?
You put the human insulin gene into the bacteria.
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What are the stages of making human insulin?
1.identify the gene 2. cut it out with restricting enzymes to leave DNA with sticky ends 3. plasmid is then prepared for insulin gene to be inserted 4. restricting enzymes used to cut open plasmid, also leaving sticky ends 5.insulin gene inserted
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What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
Forensic science and paternity tests
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Where can you get DNA from?
Hair, Skin, Blood, Semen.
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How do you get a fingerprint?
Extract dna from sample, restriction enzymes are used to cut dna into bits, if dna contains the same section of bases then you cut that section, dna bits are separated out by electerophoresis, fragments are suspended in gel.
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How is electrolysis used in fingerprint production?
In the gel an electric current is passed through. DNA is negatively charged so it moves toward the anode.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the DNA strand do in the bacteria cell?

Back

Controls the cells activity and replication

Card 3

Front

What four shapes does a bacteria cell come in?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does bacteria reproduce?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What's the aseptic technique used for culturing bacteria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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