B6

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why do multicellular organisms need communication systems
so that the body works as a whole and not individual cells and organs
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what are the two communication systems
the nervous system and the hormonal system
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what does the nervous system do
send messages using nerve cells or neurons, that produce quick and short responses or nerve impulses.
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what does the hormonal system do
produce chemical messages in the form of hormones to produce a slower but long lasting response,
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in humans and vertebrates, what is the central nervous system consist of
the brain and spinal chord
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in the mammalian nervous system, what is the CNS connected to
the peripheral nervous system which is the neurons that connect the CNS to the whole body
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what are the two different types of neurons
sensory neurons and motor neurons
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what are sensory neurons
they connect receptors with the central nervous system
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what do receptors do
detect a change in the environment, called a stimuli
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what are motor neurons
they connect the central nervous system to effectors
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how are hormones produced
produced by glands and are transported in the blood but only affect target cells
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what is insulin
a hormon produced by the pancreas, acts on the liver, body cells and muscles to take in glucose from the blood
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what is oestrogen
produced by the ovaries, it is a sex hormone that controls the menstrual cycle and female development
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what is a synapse
a small gap between two neurons where the message is transmitted
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what happens as the nerve reaches the end of the nerve
it's changed into a chemical signal that crosses the synapse and sets up an electrical impulse in the next neuron
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what is the chemical signal known as
a chemical transmitter substance
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what initiates the next nerve impulse with the next neuron
the transmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds with the receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neuron
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what happens to the chemical transmitter after the impulse has been transmitted
it is removed from the synapse by being taken back up the neuron and broken down by an enzyme
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how do transmitters work
in different ways. some prevent the next nerve, some provoke it, some work on muscles instead of nerves
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explain receptors
often grouped together, eg. eyes or ears, detect a change in the environment called stimuli
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if a response to a specific stimuli is required, what does the CNS do to co-ordinate a response
response is made by an effector. effectors include glands and muscles
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what do glands do
make and release chemicals such as enzymes or hormones
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what is a reflex
an involuntary response to a stimuli
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how does the nervous system co-operate reflexes
through the reflex arc
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explain the pathway of the reflex arc
stimulus > receptor > sensory neuron > relay neuron in CNS > motor neuron > effector (muscle)
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what are simple reflexes
develop from birth, happen without thought
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why are responses rapid if the stimulus is below the neck
they use fixed pathways and relay neurons in the CNS which do not involve the brain making a conscious decision
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why do relay neurons in the CNS connect with neurons that run to the brain
so we know what has happened after the reflex has occurred and so the brain can override an action if necessary
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why can't simple animals learn behaviour
they have a simple nervous system
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what is instinctive behaviour influenced by
reflex responces
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what is conditioning
relating other things with stimulus reflexes
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give an example of conditioning
Pavlov's work with dogs: dogs produced saliva at the sound of a bell due to the bell being previously rang at dinner times and associating the bell with food
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why are conditioned reflexes important
help us learn and to survive
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what is the cerebral cortex
the thin, folded, outer layer of the brain
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what does the cerebral cortex do
operates intelligence, language, memory and consciousness
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larger numbers of folds in the cerebral cortex cause what
an increase in ability to process information
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what do neuro-scientists do
map regions of the brain using invasive and non invasive methods
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what do invasive methods include
studies on how people react when a certain part of the brain is damaged, using electrodes during brain surgery and seeing how patients are affected
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what do non invasive methods include
comaring non-diseased brains with people with brain disease, looking at activity of brain when stimulated
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what is a neuron pathway
links forming between neurons due to transmitting impulses
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how is the pathway strengthened
an experience being repeated
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where are neuron pathways formed easier
in children rather than adults
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name an instinctive response to stimuli in a newborn baby
the rooting reflex (breastfeeding)
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why do feral children develop limited language skills
they are away from human contact from a young age, so are not presented with stimuli to learn to respond to
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what is memory
the storage and retrieval of information in the brain
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what is short term memory
remembering recent events, only stored for a brief period of time
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what is long term memory
later events from earlier experiences, stored for a longer amount of time
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when are you more likely to remember information
when it has a strong stimulus, pattern or repetition
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what is the multi store model
shows how sensory memory, long and short term memory work together
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when is the information lost/forgotten
when info arrives in a memory store that is not passed on or retrieved
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why are models limited in explaining how memory works
memory is complicated, no model has an exact explanation, difference in individuals
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how do drugs and toxins work
they affect the transmission of the nerve impulse across synapses by stopping it, changing the speed or making it stronger/weaker
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how does the antidepressant Prozac work
increases levels of transmitter substance called serotonin
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what are Beta Blockers
prescribed drugs that block the transmitter molecule called adrenaline. they reduce heart rate. used to control heart problems or to control anxiety.
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how does Ecstasy work
works on serotonin, the same transmitter as prozac affects
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what does Ecstasy/MDMA do to the neuron
blocks the sites where the mdma is reabsorbed, this increases the concentration. this increases serotonin, increasing feelings of happiness. when the serotonin is used up, the person feels tired or irritable.
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Card 2

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what are the two communication systems

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the nervous system and the hormonal system

Card 3

Front

what does the nervous system do

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Card 4

Front

what does the hormonal system do

Back

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Card 5

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in humans and vertebrates, what is the central nervous system consist of

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