What is the division of body cells to produce new cells called?
mitosis
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What does mitosis occur for?
growth, repair and to replace new tissues
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What only takes place in the testes and ovaries?
meiosis
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What does meiosis produce?
gametes
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During fertilisation the male and female gametes fuse together to make what?
a zygote
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What is the cluster of cells called that is made when the zygote divides by mitosis?
an embryo
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What are present in the chromosomes in each cell nucleus?
genes
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What controls growth and development in organisms and the development of characteristics?
genes
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How do genes control characteristics?
by providing the instructions to produce protiens
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What two pairs make up DNA?
AT and CG
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In mitosis what does each new cell have?
identical sets of chromosomes as the parent cell, the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, the same genes as the parent cell
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What happens when a cell enters the growth phase in mitosis?
the number of organelles increase and the chromosomes are copied
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What happens when a cell enters the division phase in mitosis?
the copies of the chromosomes separate and the cell divides
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What do gametes contain half the number of as the parent cell?
chromosomes
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What does information stored in the genes have to be transferred into?
the cytoplasm
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Why cant DNA leave the nucleus?
it is too large
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During gene transfers what are the smaller molecules called?
messenger RNA (mRNA)
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What is a group of three base pairs codes for one amino acid in a protein chain called?
a triplet code
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Until the 8 cell stage what are all cells in a human embryo?
unspecialised, can have any gene switched on to form any kind of specialised cell
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Up until the 8 cell stage what are the cells known as?
embryonic stem cells
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What happens to the cells in an embryo after the 8 cell stage?
they become specialised, they form different types of tissue
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What could stem cells potentially be used to do?
help treat diseases and disorders and repair damage to various tissues
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What are the three sources of stem cells?
embryos, blood from the umbilical cord, adult stem cells from bone marrow
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When is the nucleus removed from an egg cell and replaced with a nucleus from one of the patients cells then the egg cell is stimulated so it starts to divide and then some of the cells are removed at the 8 cell stage?
theraputic cloning
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Which process do plant cells use to divide?
mitosis
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Which areas does plant growth only occur?
meristems
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What are sites where unspecialised cells are dividing by mitosis called?
meristems
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What are the two types of meristem?
lateral and apical
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What does lateral lead to?
increased girth
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What does apical lead to?
increased height and longer roots
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What are xylem tubes used by the plant for?
transporting water and soluble mineral salts from the roots to the stem and leaves and replacing the water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis
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What are phloem tubes used by the plant for?
to transport dissolved food to the whole plant for respiration or storage
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What are auxins?
the main plant hormones used in horticulture
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What do auxins do?
affect cell division at the tip of a shoot, cause cells to grow in size just under the tip so that the stem or roots grow longer
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What is it called when plants respond to light by changing the direction in which they grow?
phototropism
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What do auxins do to guide the stem?
spread out to grow up, or move to sides to bend
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What do plants do during phototropism?
grow towards the light
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What do similar cells form?
Back
tissue
Card 3
Front
What do groups of tissue form?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is the division of body cells to produce new cells called?
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