B5 aqa Non communicable Diseases

What is a pathogen

is a microorganism that causes a disease

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what are the 4 main types of pathogen

Viruses, Bacteria,fungi,protists

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what is an example of a virus

HIV potentially leading to AIDS - Tobacco mosaic virus in plants

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what is an example of bacteria

Salmonella

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what is an example of fungi

Salmonella -Rose black spot

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what is an example of protists

Malaria

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what are communicable diseases

Diseases caused by pathogens are called communicable diseases

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how can pathogens be transferred

Direct contact This can be sexual contact during intercourse or non-sexual contact, like shaking hands. Water Dirty water can transmit many diseases, such as the cholera bacterium. Air When a person who is infected by the common cold sneezes, they ca

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Viral diseases

Viral infections cannot be treated by antibiotics.The host cell or cells then burst and other nearby cells can be infected with the virus. This process can be as quick

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What is TMV

The tobacco mosaic virus infects tobacco and lots of other closely related species, such as tomatoes and peppers. It is transmitted by contact between plants, either naturally or through the hands of farmers. It infects the chloroplasts of plant leav

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HIV/AIDS

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This infection is transmitted by body fluids, often during unprotected sex, but also through cuts and injecting drugs using shared needles. Immediately after infection, people often suffer mild flu-like sy

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Measles

Measles is a very infectious viral disease that is often caught by young children. It is transmitted through the air in tiny droplets after an infected person sneezes. It causes a fever and skin rash. Many children in developed countries are given va

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Gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium. It is a common infection, especially amongst people aged 15-24. Gonorrhoea causes a burning pain when urinating and often forms a thick yellow or green discharge from an infec

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Salmonella

Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that causes food poisoning. This often means abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. It is often found in unhygienic kitchens, undercooked foods such as meat, eggs and poultry, or the same foods that have not been

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Protist

Protists are a group of microorganisms that have features that belong to animals, plants and fungi. Some are like animals, others more like plants and some, called moulds are closest to fungi. They are all eukaryotic, which means they have a nucleus.

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Malaria

Malaria is spread by mosquitos which carry the Plasmodium protist. These are often found in areas with higher temperatures like Africa, Asia, and South and Central America, but not the UK. Mosquitos **** blood containing the protists from an infected

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Athlete's foot

Athlete's foot is a rash caused by a fungus that is usually found between people's toes. It causes dry, red and flaky or white, wet and cracked skin. It is often found in communal areas like swimming pool changing rooms or gyms. It is transmitted by

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Rose black spot

Rose black spot is caused by a fungus which infects roses. It infects leaves and causes black or purple spots on the leaves. The rest of the leaves often turn yellow and can drop off the plant. This reduces that plant's ability to photosynthesise and

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How to prevent the spread of diseases

Method Example How it works Sterilising water Cholera Chemicals or UV light kill pathogens in unclean water. Suitable hygiene - food Salmonella Cooking foods thoroughly and preparing them in hygienic conditions kills pathogens. Suitable hygiene - pe

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Non-specific human defence systems against disease

The body is constantly defending against attacks from pathogens.

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Skin

The skin covers almost all parts of your body to prevent infection from pathogens. If it is cut or grazed it immediately begins to heal itself, often by forming a scab, which prevents infection as the skin acts as a physical barrier. Parts of the bod

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Nose

The nose has internal hairs, which act as a physical barrier to infection. Cells in the nose produce mucus. This traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs. When the nose is blown, mucus is removed and any pathogens are trapped within it.

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Trachea and bronchi

The trachea runs from the nose towards the lungs. The cells that line the trachea also have hairs called cilia, which are much smaller than those in the nose. These are called ciliated cells. The ciliated cells waft their hairs and move mucus and pat

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Stomach

Stomach acid does not break down food. It is part of the body's non-specific first line of defence. It is hydrochloric acid and while it does us no harm, it is strong enough to kill any pathogens that have been caught in mucus in the airways or consu

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Phagocytes

Phagocytes surround any pathogens in the blood and engulf them. They are attracted to pathogens and bind to them. The phagocytes membrane surrounds the pathogen and enzymes found inside the cell break down the pathogen in order to destroy it. As pha

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Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell. They recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens. Lymphocytes detect that these are foreign not naturally occurring within your body and produce antibodies. This can take a few days

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B5 aqa Non communicable Diseases

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