B4 The processes of life

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1) What are enzymes?
1a) Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, they are proteins that are made up of amino acids.
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2) How do enzymes work?
2a) Break down molecules, Join small molecules together.
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3) What do scientists call the explanation of how an enzyme works?
3a) Lock-and-Key Model
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4) Where must a molecule fit into on an enzyme?
4a) Active Site
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5) Why do we need enzymes?
5a) To give us the rates of reaction we need, it is not possible to live without enzymes
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6) How does temperature affect enzymes?
6a) High temperature change an enzyme's shape and it will become denatured.
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7) How does PH affect enzymes?
7a) The bonds that hold together proteins break and the substrate will no longer be able to fit.
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8) What happens during photosynthesis?
8a) Plants trap energy from sunlight and use it to make all the molecules they need for growth. Sugars, starch, enzymes and chlorophyll.
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9) What is diffusion?
9a) Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration
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10) How is diffusion used with photosynthesis?
10a) Special structures in leaves allow the chemicals needed for photosynthesis to be delivered and waste oxygen to be removed by photosynthesis.
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11) What is osmosis?
11a) The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane.
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12) How do plants prevent the levels of osmosis being disrupted by Glucose in plants?
12a) The plants store the glucose as starch, as starch is insoluble.
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13) What are proteins made from?
13a) Long chains of amino acids
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14) How are amino acids made?
14a) Nitrogen must be combined carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms from glucose, made during photosynthesis.
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15) How do plants get nitrogen?
15a) Nitrates/ Nitrate Ions in the soil are absorbed by root hair cells.
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16) How are root hair cells adapted?
16a) They have a large surface area to absorb as much nitrates as possible.
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17) How do plants stop nitrates diffusing out of the plant?
17a) They use a process called Active Transport to pump nitrates from the soil and into the roots.
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18) How does light intensity affect the rates of photosymthesis?
18a) At low light intensities, increasing the amount of light increases the rate of photosythesis. At a certain point increasing the amount of light stops having an effect on the rate of photosynthesis.
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19) Why does the rate of photosynthesis not keep rising?
19a) Because another factor is in short supply, this is called the limiting factor.
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20) What is aerobic respiration?
20a) A type of respiration in which glucose from food reacts with oxygen. The reactions release energy from the glucose.
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21) What does the cytoplasm do?
21a) Enzymes are made, it is the location of reactions in anerobic respiration.
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22) What role does the mitochondrion have?
22a) It contains the enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
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23) What job does the cell membrane have?
23a) It allows gasses and water to pass freely into and out of the cell. It also controlls the passage of other molecules.
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25) What happens to the energy from respiration?
25a) The energy from respiration is used in reactions that make many different molecules. These include polymers of glucose (starch and cellulose) and proteins, fats and oils.
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25a) A type of respiration in which glucose is converted to lactic acid and energy, without using oxygen.
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26) What are the advantages of anerobic respiration?
26a) it gives you short bursts of energy, without using any oxygen.
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27) What are the disadvantages of anerobic respiration?
27a) The build up of lactic acid causes pain, as lactic acid is toxic.
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28) Give examples of anerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms.
28a) Parts of plants, such as roots in waterlogged soils, and germinationg seeds. Some microorganisms, such as yeast and lactobacilli and bacteria in puncture wounds.
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29) What does anerobic respiration produce in plants, yeast and bacteria?
29a) They produce ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acids
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30) What DNA does bacteria have?
30a) They have a strand of circular DNA, which hold genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration.
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31) How is biogas made?
31a) Bacteria break down the organic material in the manure and produce methane gas. This can be used as a fuel to heat buildings and run electricity generators. Bacteria grow in anerobic conditions inside the biodigester and produce methane gas.
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Card 2

Front

2) How do enzymes work?

Back

2a) Break down molecules, Join small molecules together.

Card 3

Front

3) What do scientists call the explanation of how an enzyme works?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

4) Where must a molecule fit into on an enzyme?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

5) Why do we need enzymes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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