B4

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  • Created by: Jess
  • Created on: 12-05-13 16:12
What are organelles?
Organelles are different parts of a cell's structure that allow the cell to perform specific functions.
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What makes up a human cell?
cytoplasm; mitochondria; a nucleus; a cell membrane
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What is cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions inside a cell occur e.g. anaerobic respiration; productions of enzymes and other proteins
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What happens in the mitochondria?
The mitochondria contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration
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What is inside the nucleus?
The nucleus of a cell contains DNA that carries genetic code for making enzymes and proteins used in the cell for chemical reactions
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What is the function of a cell membrane?
The cell membrane allows chemicals (e.g. gases) and water to pass in and out of the cell freely, but prevents other chemicals from leaving and entering the cell
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What do plant cells contain?
A cell wall; permanent vacuole; chloroplasts
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What are chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are part of a plant cell that contain some of the enzymes for photosynthesis and chlorophyll (green pigments)
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What is the purpose of the vacuole?
To help support the cell
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What is the point of a plant cell wall?
To strengthen the cell - made up of cellulose
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What are microbial cells made up of?
Cell wall (not made of cellulose); circular DNA; cytoplasm; cell membrane
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What is circular DNA?
DNA that has a circular structure that is NOT in a nucleus and is NOT in the form of chromosomes
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What is the cell structure of yeast?
Mitochondria; cell membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus; cell
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What are enzymes?
Enzymes are molecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells. Cell produce enzymes depending on their instructions carried in the genes (DNA code)
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What does optimum mean?
Optimum is where something is working in its best conditions
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What happens when an enzyme moves past its optimum pH or temperature?
Once optimum activity is reached, enzymes start to get damaged, and the reaction slows down until the enzyme is denatured (permanently destroyed) and stops working
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Describe the lock-and-key model.
A molecule (the key) can only fit into an enzyme (the lock) if the molecule is the correct shape.
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What happens when an enzyme and molecule are linked?
The reaction takes place; the products are released; the process is able to start again
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What is an active site?
The active site is the place on an enzyme that the molecule fits into. Each enzyme has a different shaped active site.
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What can cause the active site of an enzyme to denature?
heating the enzyme too much or altering pH levels
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What happens if the active site denatures?
The shape of the active site changes shape permanently, meaning that the molecule can no longer fit in the enzyme, so the reaction can't take place
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What is respiration?
Respiration is the release of energy from food chemicals in all living cells
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What aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is where energy is released from living cells from glucose being broken down and combining the products with OXYGEN
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What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6 H12 06 + 602 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY RELEASED
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What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + Water + ENERGY RELEASED
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What is aerobic respiration used for?
Chemical reactions, such as movement; synthesis (making large molecules from smaller ones); and active transport
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration releases energy inside the cytoplasm of living cells by breaking down glucose molecules without the use of oxygen
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants / microbials?
Glucose ---> carbon dioxide + ethanol + ENERGY RELEASED
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells?
Glucose ---> lactic acid + ENERGY RELEASED
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When does anaerobic respiration occur?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in conditions of very low oxygen present e.g. plant roots cells in water-logged soil; human muscles in vigorous exercise; bacteria in a puncture wound
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Which type of respiration is more efficient?
Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration, as it releases more energy/glucose molecule (X19)
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What are 2 differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration used oxygen and anaerobic respiration doesn't; aerobic respiration releases more energy
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What are the stages of photosynthesis?
1) Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in green plants 2) within the chlorophyll, the light energy is used to rearrange the atoms of CO2 to produce glucose (as sugar) 3) oxygen is produced as a waste product
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What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water ---> glucose + oxygen
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What are the 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis?
1) temperature 2) carbon dioxide concentration 3) light intensity
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What is a quadrat?
A quadrat is anything with a defined area
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What is a transect?
A transect is a random section across an area which is used to represent the entire area
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What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the overall movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
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When does diffusion happen?
When substances move in and out of cells, e.g. oxygen and dissolved food
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Why do plants need nitrates?
For healthy growth
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What is active transport?
Active transport is the movement of a substance against concentration gradient, from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration). This process requires energy.
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What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the overall movement of water molecules from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What makes up a human cell?

Back

cytoplasm; mitochondria; a nucleus; a cell membrane

Card 3

Front

What is cytoplasm?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens in the mitochondria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is inside the nucleus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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