B3 Ocr Gateway

?
  • Created by: Bonnie
  • Created on: 08-06-14 12:23
Similarities in Plant and Animal cells
Cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane
1 of 53
Only in plant cells
Chloroplasts, rigid cell wall, large vacuole (providing support)
2 of 53
Respiration equation
glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
3 of 53
Four steps of DNA Fingerprinting
1- Isolation 2 - Fragmentation 3 - Chromotography 4 - Tagging
4 of 53
What is transamination?
Amino acids changing into what is suitable (occurs in liver)
5 of 53
What do enzymes reduce the need for?
High temperatures
6 of 53
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts, proteins
7 of 53
What is a substrate?
Molecule changed in reaction
8 of 53
Function of plasma?
Carries substances around the body
9 of 53
Six things Plasma carries?
Carbon dioxide, hormones, red/white blood cells, antibodies, water
10 of 53
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen from lung to all cells in the body
11 of 53
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
Small, biconcave shape (large surface area for releasing/absorbing oxygen), haemoglobin (provides iron and red colour), don't have nucleus (more space for haemoglobin), and flexible (pass through capillaries)
12 of 53
Function of white blood cells?
Defence against disease
13 of 53
Characteristics of white blood cells?
Produces antibodies to fight microbes, produces antitoxins to neutralise toxins formed by microbes, flexible to help engulf microorganisms
14 of 53
Function of arteries?
Takes blood away from heart
15 of 53
Characteristics of arteries?
Contains thick layers of muscle to make them strong, walls are strong and elastic as the heart pumps at high pressure
16 of 53
Function of capillaries?
Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
17 of 53
Characteristics of capillaries?
Walls are one cell thick (increased rate of diffusion, less distance), permeable walls (diffuse)
18 of 53
Function of veins?
Takes blood to the heart
19 of 53
Characteristics of veins?
Lumen, valves, walls aren't thick, blood is lower pressure
20 of 53
Advantages of having double circulatory system
Allows higher pressure
21 of 53
Advantages of being multi cellular
Larger surface area to volume ratio, allows for cell differentiation, complex, bigger
22 of 53
What is mitois?
cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring
23 of 53
Mitosis
1) dna in cell is replicated 2) dna cells coil into doublearmed chromosomes 3) chromosomes line up in centre, one arm of each chromosome goes onto each side of cell 4) cytoplasm divides, you get two cells
24 of 53
What is Meiosis?
Four new cells with different genetic information, two divisions, gametes
25 of 53
How are sperm cells adapted?
Lots of mitochondria (provide energy), acrosome in head (stores enzymes), produced in large numbers, small with tails (able to swim)
26 of 53
Why do animals stop growing and plants don't?
Animals grow due to cell division, whereas plants grow due to cell enlargement
27 of 53
Why are some people against stem cell research?
Each embryo is potential life, destroyed, some countries won't fund research to make new stem cell stocks
28 of 53
What are auxins?
Plant hormones which control growth at the tip of the shoot and roots
29 of 53
Shoots are..
Positively phototrpic and negatively geotropic
30 of 53
Roots are..
Negatively phototropic and positively geotropic
31 of 53
What is a mutation?
Change in DNA base sequence
32 of 53
What does mutation cause?
Different protein to be made or no protein at all
33 of 53
Pros and Cons of Selective Breeding
Good health, allows maximum yield, reduces number of different alleles, problems if disease occurs, more chance of genetic disorders
34 of 53
What is genetic engineering?
Produce organisms with new and useful features
35 of 53
Examples of genetic engineering
Vitamin A deficiency, gene for human insulin, resistance
36 of 53
Moral and ethical issues of genetic engineering
Playing god, creating genetic underclass, evolutionary consequences are unknown, wrong to change organisms for human benefit
37 of 53
What are clones?
Genetically identical organisms
38 of 53
Benefits of cloning?
Preserve endangered species, animals may be able to produce medicines, animals could have organs suitable for transplant, lead to greater understanding of development
39 of 53
Risks of cloning?
Humans may be cloned, cloned animals may not be as healthy, may have unknown consequences
40 of 53
Tissue culture
1) choose plant 2) remove small amount of tissue from parent plant 3) grow tissue
41 of 53
Pros and cons of tissue culture
Mass production, genetically identical, disease will spread, lack of genetic variation
42 of 53
What year was DNA structure worked out?
1953
43 of 53
What year did they win the nobel prize?
1962
44 of 53
What is Collagen?
Structural protein
45 of 53
What is insulin?
Protein hormone. Regulates sugar levels. Made in pancreas.
46 of 53
What is haemoglobin?
Carrier protein. Carries oxygen from lungs to respiring cells.
47 of 53
Symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C(6)H(12)O(6) +6O(2) -> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O
48 of 53
Equation for respiratory quotient
Volume CO(2) produced / Volume O(2) produced
49 of 53
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
To deliver more oxygen and glucose to muscles
50 of 53
Why does breathing rate increase during exercise?
To remove extra carbon dioxide
51 of 53
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose-> Lactic acid
52 of 53
Why does anaerobic respiration happen?
Make up for shortfall in energy release when heart rate does not go up enough to suppy the extra oxygen
53 of 53

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Only in plant cells

Back

Chloroplasts, rigid cell wall, large vacuole (providing support)

Card 3

Front

Respiration equation

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Four steps of DNA Fingerprinting

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is transamination?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Science resources:

See all Science resources »See all Biology resources »