B3

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What structure is in the cytoplasm?
The mitochondria
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What happens in the mitochondria?
Respiration occurs, which provides the energy for life process
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Where are chromosomes and what do they contain?
In the nucleus and they contain the genetic code
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How many mitochondria are there in the cytoplasm of a cell?
It depends on the activity of the cell
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Why do cells such as liver and muscle cells have large numbers of mitochondria?
The liver carries out many functions and muscle cells need to contract. Therefore both types of cell need lots of energy
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What are the chromosomes in the nucleus made of?
DNA
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What do genes control?
The activity of the cell and the organism by coding for proteins
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What are the proteins that a cell produces needed for?
Growth and repair
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Each gene...
Is a section of a chromosome made of DNA and codes for a particular protein
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What is DNA made of?
Two strands coiled to form a double helix
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What does the each strand that forms a double helix contain?
Chemicals called bases
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How many different types of bases are there?
Four
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What does each gene contain?
A different sequence of bases
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Proteins are made in the cytoplasm but where can't DNA leave?
The nucleus
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What needs to happen so that the gene can leave the nucleus and carry the code to the cytoplasm?
A copy of the gene needs to be made
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Who were the two scientists that first worked out the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick
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What are proteins made of?
Long chains of amino acids joined together
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What are enzymes?
Protein molecules that speed up a chemical reaction
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When does each enzyme work best?
At a particular temperature and pH
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All enzymes have a special enzyme somewhere on the molecule. What is this called?
An active site
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What is the chemical that is going to react called?
A subtrate
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What do enzymes do?
Speed up reactions in the body (biological catalysts)
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What do enzymes catalyse?
Chemical reactions occurring in respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis of living cells
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What is the key and lock theory?
It's when the substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme
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What will happen to the reaction of an enzyme if the temperature or pH(the optimum) changes
The reaction will slow down
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What is it called when the genetic material changes?
A gene mutation
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Why do mutations occur?
They can occur spontaneously but can be occurred by radiations or chemicals
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What does respiration do?
It releases energy from food
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What are three processes that require energy from respiration?
Muscle contraction(to allow organisms to move), protein synthesis and control of body temperature in mammals
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What does aerobic respiration involve? `
Using the oxygen to release energy from food
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What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water
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Why do a person's breathing and heart rate both increase during hard exercise?
Because the muscles are working harder so are respiring faster.
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What causes anaerobic respiration?
When the muscles do not receive sufficient oxygen during exercise.
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose ---> lactic acid (+ energy)
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What are two main disadvantages anaerobic respiration has over aerobic respiration?
1. The lactic acid build up causes pain and fatigue. 2. It releases much less energy per glucose molecule.
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What is unicellular?
When an organism only has one cell
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What is multicellular?
When more complex organisms have more than one cell
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What is it called when an organism allows different cells to take on different jobs?
Cell differentiation
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When an organism needs to produce new cells for growth, what needs to happen?
Chromosomes have to be copied
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What do most body cells contain?
Chromosomes in matching pairs
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What is the process that produces new cells for growth is called what?
Mitosis
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What needs to happen before cells divide?
DNA replication
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Why must DNA replication take place?
So that each cell produced still has two copies of each chromosome
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Body cells in mammals have two copies of each chromosome, so what are they called?
Diploid cells
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What joins together in sexual reproduction?
Gametes
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What is the type of cell division which produces gametes called?
Meiosis
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What type of cell are gametes? And why?
Haploid cells because they contain only one chromosome from each pair
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What do red blood cells do?
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
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What do white blood cells do?
Destroy disease-causing organisms
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What do platelets do?
Help the blood to clot if a blood vessel is damaged
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What is the plasma?
The liquid part of the blood
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What does the plasma do?
It carries a number of important substances around the body
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What are the three different types of blood vessels that the blood moves around the body in?
Arteries, veins and capillaries
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What do arteries do?
Transport blood away from the heart to the tissues
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What do veins do?
Transport the blood back to the heart from the tissues
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What do capillaries do?
Link arteries to veins and allow materials to pass between the blood and the tissues
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Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
The lungs
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Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to?
The rest of the body (everywhere but the lungs)
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Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle?
Because it has to pump blood all around the body rather than just to the lungs, which are close by
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What can growth be measured as?
An increase in height, west mass or dry mass
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What are the two main processes of growth?
First the cells divide then they become specialised for different jobs
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What can animals and plants be changed by?
Selective breeding
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What is selective breeding?
Organisms which show desired characteristics are selected; cross-breeding organisms together; repeat over generations
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How does selective breeding help farmers?
It increases the yield of their crops
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What is a possible problem with selective breeding?
Inbreeding
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What is genetic engineering?
Where genes are artificially transferred from one living organism to another
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How can plants be clones?
By taking cuttings or tissue culture
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What happens in the mitochondria?

Back

Respiration occurs, which provides the energy for life process

Card 3

Front

Where are chromosomes and what do they contain?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How many mitochondria are there in the cytoplasm of a cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why do cells such as liver and muscle cells have large numbers of mitochondria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

sammie

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really think this is good

DEENO008

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the answer to this question could also be DAUGHTER CELL too:

Body cells in mammals have two copies of each chromosome, so what are they called?

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