B1.7- Evolution

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When do scientists think that life on earth began?
More than three billion years ago
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What new idea did Lamarck propose?
That individual animals adapted and evolved to suit their environment
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What did he believe that all animals evolved from?
Primitive worms
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How did Lamarck explain how organisms developed features that helped them survive?
He thought that the more an animal used a particular feature (e.g. a long neck of a giraffe) the more it would develop, this would then be passed onto their offspring.
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Would did Lamarck say would happen if a giraffe did not use its long neck?
That it would shrink back
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What is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection based on?
That all living organisms have evolved from simpler life forms
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Explain natural selection.
Organisms that have inherited features most suited to their environment survive, these breed and pass on their genes for those useful characteristics to their offspring.
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Why did Darwin take so long to publish his ideas?
He realised he would have lots of opposition so he spent years collecting evidence to convince other people.
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What animals did Darwin use to back up his theory?
Pigeons, finches and barnacles
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Why did it take a long time for Darwin’s theories to be accepted?
It went against the theory that God made all the animals, Some scientists did not think the evidence was sufficient, There was no way to explain how variance and inheritance happened as genes had not been discovered yet
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Why is reproduction a wasteful process?
Animals and plants always produce more offspring than the environment can support.
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Why do individual organisms in any species show lots of variation?
Because of differences in the genes they inherit
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Explain in terms of genes how natural selection works.
Offspring inherit slightly different genes, the offspring that inherit the genes that are best suited to the habitat they live in will survive, breed and pass on these genes to their offspring.
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What is a mutation?
A new form of gene resulting from changes in existing genes
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How do mutations occur?
Naturally through mistakes made when copying DNA during cell division
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Explain how a mutation can help a species survive.
A mutation causes a change in a gene that produced a feature that helps the organism survive in its habitat, this organism survives and breeds. This gene is inherited. Individuals with this gene have advantages so the gene becomes abundant.
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Why were the oysters in Malpeque Bay almost wiped out?
There was a destructive new disease which killed many of them.
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How did the oysters in this habitat survive?
A mutation meant that a few oysters were resistant to the disease, these survived, bred and produced offspring that were also resistant to the disease.
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What is classification?
The organisation of living things into groups according to their similarities
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What is the system used to classify living things?
Natural classification system
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What is the biggest group of this system?
Kingdoms
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Name TWO examples of kingdoms.
1. Animal kingdom 2. Plant kingdom
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What is the smallest group of the natural classification system?
Species
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What is the main way we identify an organism?
By careful observation of the organism
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What is an evolutionary tree?
A model to show the evolutionary links between different organisms
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What is the problem with observation alone when classifying organisms?
Some organisms look very different but are closely related and some look similar but come from very different groups.
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What are scientists now using to classify organisms?
DNA evidence
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What are giant pandas closely related to?
Other types of bears
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What are red pandas closely related to?
Racoons and weasels
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Why might it be thought that pandas and red pandas are closely related?
They both have a similar ‘wrist thumb’.
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What evidence suggests that the panda and the red panda are not so closely related?
They have different anatomy and DNA.
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Card 2

Front

What new idea did Lamarck propose?

Back

That individual animals adapted and evolved to suit their environment

Card 3

Front

What did he believe that all animals evolved from?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How did Lamarck explain how organisms developed features that helped them survive?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Would did Lamarck say would happen if a giraffe did not use its long neck?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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