b2 proteins and enzymes

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  • Created by: Avaaa
  • Created on: 20-03-17 19:46
describe a protein
Protein molecules are made up of long chains of amino acids. These long chains are folded to produce a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein
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what are proteins used for?
Proteins act as: ■ structural components of tissues such as muscles ■ hormones ■ antibodies ■ catalysts.
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describe the relationship between catalysts and enzymes
Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions. Biological catalysts are called enzymes. Enzymes are proteins
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what do biological catalysts do?
o These control and sequence all of the reactions that occur inside and outside cells in all living organisms
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what is vital for an enzymes function?
The shape of an enzyme is vital for the enzyme’s function. High temperatures change the shape.
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what else affects enzymes ability to function..
different Ph values
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why does shape affect enzymes functioning
• Normally only one type of molecule (the substrate) will fit into the enzyme. • The active site is the part of the enzyme which the substrate fits into.
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what do digestive enzymes do apart from work outside the body cells?
The digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut. The enzymes then pass out of the cells into the gut where they come into contact with food molecules. They catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into
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describe the function of the protein amylase
The enzyme amylase is produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine. This enzyme catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
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protease?
Protease enzymes are produced by the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine. These enzymes catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and the small intestine.
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lipase?
Lipase enzymes are produced by the pancreas and small intestine. These enzymes catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
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what are the best conditions for enzymes in the stomach
acidic- so the stomach produces hydrochloic acid
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what protease enzyme produces HCl
pepsin
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name functions of the small intestine?
• To complete the digestion of the food • To absorb the soluble products of digestion into the blood
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what is bile
h) The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine. Bile neutralises the acid that was added to food in the stomach. This provides alkaline conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine
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what else is produced in the small intestine
pancreatic juices which contain o Amylase to complete the digestion of starch into sugars. o Protease to complete the digestion of proteins into amino acids. o Lipase to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
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describe digestion
• Food is chewed to create a larger surface area for the action of enzymes. • Saliva is released which contains amylase. • Amylase digests starch into smaller sugars (maltose). • Further chewing enables swallowing. • The food enters the oesophagus
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which enzymes are usefu for home and industry
the one that pass out of cells and are produced by micro organisms
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enzyme use in home?
biological detergents may contain protein-digesting and fat-digesting enzymes (proteases and lipases) ■ biological detergents are more effective at low temperatures than other types of detergents.
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enzyme use in industry?
■ proteases are used to ‘pre-digest’ the protein in some baby foods ■ carbohydrases are used to convert starch into sugar syrup ■ isomerase is used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter and therefore can be used in small
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give one advantage of using enzymes in industry
) In industry, enzymes are used to bring about reactions at normal temperatures and pressures that would otherwise require expensive, energy-demanding equipment.
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disadvantage?
most enzymes are denatured at high temperatures and many are costly to produce.
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anothe DA
Enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH changes. Temperature and pH need to be carefully monitored and controlled, which can be expensive.
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anothar AD
Enzymes enable industrial reactions to take place at lower temperatures. Supplying heat is expensive. When enzymes are used, industrial processes can be cheaper.
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Card 2

Front

what are proteins used for?

Back

Proteins act as: ■ structural components of tissues such as muscles ■ hormones ■ antibodies ■ catalysts.

Card 3

Front

describe the relationship between catalysts and enzymes

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what do biological catalysts do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is vital for an enzymes function?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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