B2

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what is a pathogen
a microorganism that causes disease are called pathogens, they include bacteria and virus
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how are bacteria diseases caused
release of poisons or toxins by the bacteria
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how are virus diseases caused
damage to the cells as the viruses reproduce
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what is binary fission
reproduction of bacteria (dividing in 2), which is a typeof asexual reproduction
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what is exponential growth
rapid grown in something
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How to viruses spread to quickly
cells reproduce rapidly and make copies of themselves
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what are the bodies external defences
skin, saliva, tears, stomach acid
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what is the bodies internal defence
the immune system
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how do white blood cells work
some produce antibodies, some digest the microorganism
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each antibody has a corresponding ______
antigen
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describe the events happening after the antigen locks onto the antibody
white blood cell divides to make copies, each white blood cell produces more antibody molecules to attack the other invading cells
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three types of antibody
destroy the microorganism, enable white blood cells to recognise the microorganism, cause the microorganism to clump together (easier to engulf)
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what happens after the infection clears
memory cells form, so the virus is defeated quicker the next time
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what do memory cells eventually form
immunity to the disease/virus
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what is a vaccine
a safe version of the disease
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how does a vaccine work
a safe form of the virus is fought off by the body and memory cells further develop immunity
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how does an epidemic occur
a rapid spread of disease throughout a population (eg city or country)
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what is herd immunity
large populations being vaccinated
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why do scientists have to test vaccines
for any side effects
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what are antimicrobials
a group of substances used to kill microorganisms or slow their growth
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what are antibiotics
a type of antimicrobials affective against bacteria, not virus
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what does resistance to antimicrobials cause
diseases are difficult to control, can cause problems for hospitals
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name two types of antimicrobials
antibiotics and cleaning problems (antiseptics/disinfectants)
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how can you avoid microorganisms becoming resistant to antibiotics
only prescribe them for serious cases and make sure the antibiotics are completed (so the disease is killed completely)
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what is the name often given to resistant microorganisms
superbugs
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why do mutations cause bacteria resistance
rapid reproduction of bacteria
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what are clinical trials
drugs tested on healthy and sick people before released to the public
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what is a placebo
a sugar pill, none of the medicine involved
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define an open label trial
both researchers and patients know what the drug is
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define a blind study
the patient doesn't know what the drug is but the researcher does
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define a double blind study
neither patient nor researcher knows what the drug is
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explain a clinical trial
one group of people is given the drug to try out, and the results are compared with a controlled group given a placebo pill
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the heart, blood vessels and blood make up what
the circulatory system
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what does 'double pump' mean
one half pumps oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs, the other half pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
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what happens at the lungs
deoxygenated blood absorbs oxygen and gets rid of CO2
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explain arteries
transport blood away from the heart in high pressure. thick elastic walls
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explain capillaries
they link arteries and veins, walls are one cell thick to allow transfer of substances
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explain veins
they collect blood and take it to the heart, thin and muscular tissue made walls
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what are the coronary arteries
they run over the heart to provide nutrients and oxygen, and remove waste products
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how is a heart attack caused
fatty substance clogging the coronary arteries (a lack of oxygen to the heart)
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what is CHD
coronary heart disease
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what are the three factors that cause CHD
smoking, poor diet, misuse of drugs
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where are rates of CHD higher
MEDCs like the UK or USA
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What can high blood pressure cause
heart disease
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what does high blood pressure do
damage artery walls
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what does low blood pressure cause
dizziness and fainting
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what is blood pressure measured in
millimetres of mercury
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what are epidemiological studies
studies of disease in large numbers of people
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why are epidemiological studies carried out
to research the connection between lifestyle factors and heart disease
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what is homeostasis
constant internal environment
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what are the three systems in homeostasis
receptors (detect change), processing centres (determine response), effectors (respond)
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how does water get into the body
drinking, eating, respiration
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how does water leave the body
urine, sweat, breathing
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why must water content be maintained
so the body's cells are in blood plasma
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what happens if the cells are too concentrated
cells will lose water
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what happens if the cells are too dilute
cells will absorb water and burst
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what is concentration of blood plasma effected by
temperature, exercise, intake of fluid
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how do the kidneys respond
they change the concentration of urine that leaves the body
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what does alcohol do
dehydrate the body, the kidneys produce a lot of dilute urine
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what does ecstasy do
causes the body to produce small amounts of concentrated urine, cells absorb water and burst
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what is ADH
anit-diuretic hormone
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where is ADH released from
the pituitary gland
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why is ADH released
to reduce the amount of water lost in urine
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what does alcohol do to ADH
reduce the release of ADH, less water is absorbed by the kidneys
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what does ecstasy do to ADH
increases the release of ADH, so more water is absorbed by the kidneys
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

how are bacteria diseases caused

Back

release of poisons or toxins by the bacteria

Card 3

Front

how are virus diseases caused

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is binary fission

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is exponential growth

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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