B2

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  • Created by: Ola182
  • Created on: 07-05-17 17:33
Describe two ways that microorganisms can cause symptoms of an infectious disease.
Microorganisms can damage cells directly (e.g. malaria parasites invade red blood cells and multiply inside them ). Some bacteria produce proteins that damage materials holding cells together.
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Explain why bacteria can reproduce rapidly inside the human body.
There are lots of places inside the human body that are warm, moist and have a source of nutrients for energy for the bacteria.
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What is the role of the immune system?
The immune system deals with infectious microorganisms. An immune response always involves white blood cells.
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Give three ways that antibodies help get rid of an infection.
Antibodies latch onto invading microorganisms and mark them so that other white blood cells can engulf and digest them or they bind to and neutralise viruses and toxins or some can attach to bacteria and kill them directly.
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Explain why you are immune to most diseases that you've already had.
Once an infection has been fought off by the right white blood cells, some of the white blood cells stay in the blood (these are called memory cells). These cells can reproduce quickly if the same antigen enters the body again.
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How do vaccinations give you immunity in the future?
Immunisation involves injecting dead or inactive microorganisms which still carry the same antigens so your body produces antibodies to attack them. The body produces memory cells too meaning the person becomes immune.
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If 95% of people were vaccinated for a disease how would it benefit the the 5% who weren't?
Because most of this population are vaccinated, the people who aren't vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease because there are fewer people to pass it on.
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Explain why vaccines aren't risk free for everyone.
People can have side effects. This could be something like swelling around the area or a fever.
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What is an antimicrobial?
A chemical that inhibits the growth of microorganisms or kills them.
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Explain why antibiotics should not be prescribed to someone with the flu.
Antibiotics don't cure viruses - the flu is a virus.
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Explain how a population of microorganisms can become resistant to antimicrobials.
Microorganisms can sometimes develop random mutations in their DNA which can change the microorganism's characteristics. This can mean the microorganism is less affected by a particular antimicrobial.
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Why are patients advised to finish their prescription of antibiotics?
Lots of people stop taking their antibiotics as soon as they feel better, this can increase the risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria emerging.
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Give two ways new drugs are tested before human testing.
They are developed using human cells that are grown in a lab to see if the drug has an effect on the human cells. Then the drug can be tested on at least two types of animal before human testing.
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Why are drugs tested on healthy people first rather than patients with the illness they're designed to cure?
It's to check if there are any harmful side effects when the body is working normally.
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What is a placebo?
A fake treatment which is is just a sugar pill to imitate the real one. It is so that you can compare the people given the drug with the people given the placebo to see the effect of the drug.
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What is a double-blind clinical trial?
When neither the doctor or patient know whether they have taken a placebo or the drug.
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Explain the importance of long-term human drug trials.
Some drugs take a while to produce the effects it was designed for. It's also important to see if there are any long term side effects.
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The heart is a double pump - what does this mean?
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to the lungs to collect oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. The left side pump oxygenated blood around the body.
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How is the structure of an artery adapted to its function?
Artery walls are strong, thick and elastic as they have to carry blood at a high pressure away from the heart to body cells.
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How is the structure of a vein adapted to its function?
Veins carry blood to the heart at a low pressure meaning their walls aren't as thick as arteries. They have a bigger lumen to help the blood flow more easily. They also have valves to help the blood flow in the right direction.
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How is the structure of a capillary adapted to its function?
Capillaries are tiny branches of arteries that carry blood to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them (e.g. supply O2 - remove CO2). They have permeable walls so substances can move in and out. Their walls are one cell thick.
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Explain why a person's heart rate can be measured by taking their pulse rate.
Heart rate is the amount of times a heart beats per minute. Pulse rate is the amount of times an artery pulsates in a minute which is caused by blood pumping through by a heart beat.
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When a blood pressure measurement is taken, what is actually being measured?
Blood pressure measurements have two values. The bigger one is the pressure of the blood when the heart contracts and the lower one is the pressure when the heart relaxes.
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Describe one way that high blood pressure can cause heart disease.
High BP can damage arteries. Fatty deposits can build up in damaged areas which restricts the blood flow causing BP in arteries to increase. If a FD breaks through the artery lining, a blood clot may form which can block the artery and the blood flow
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Explain how epidemiological studies can be used to identify the risk factors for heart disease.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of diseases and factors that affect them. These studies can help identify the lifestyle risk factors and can involve genetic studies to identify genetic risk factors.
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What is homeostasis?
It's balancing inputs and outputs to maintain a constant internal environment.
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Name three main components of the body's automatic control systems.
Receptors - detect change, the central processing centre - coordinates a response and effectors which produce a response.
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Give ways water is gained and lost by the body.
Gained - drinking, eating and respiration. Lost - sweating, breathing and in urine and faeces.
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What factors can affect the concentration of urine produced by the kidneys?
Temperature and exercise - sweating causes water loss so when it's hot, kidneys absorb more water into the blood leaving a small amount of water so concentrated urine is produced.
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Which gland releases ADH?
The pituitary gland
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If there is an increase in water content in the blood, will more or less ADH be released?
Less - ADH is released in higher quantities when water content is too low so the kidneys reabsorb more water..
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What affect does alcohol have on urine production?
It suppresses the production of ADH so a large amount of dilute urine is produced because the kidneys reabsorb less water.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Explain why bacteria can reproduce rapidly inside the human body.

Back

There are lots of places inside the human body that are warm, moist and have a source of nutrients for energy for the bacteria.

Card 3

Front

What is the role of the immune system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give three ways that antibodies help get rid of an infection.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Explain why you are immune to most diseases that you've already had.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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