B1

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Nucleus
The nucleus of a cell contains the bodies genetic material.
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Chromosomes
The body's genetic material is arranged into chromosomes. All cell in the human body have 46 chromosomes (except gametes, sex cells, which only have 23). Eachcromosome is one long coiled molecule of DNA. They come in pairs, one from each parent.
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Genes
A gene is a short length of a chromosome which control characteristics, e.g. hair colour and how an organism functions. Genes code for amino acids which make up differnt proteins.
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Alleles
Alleles are the different versions of a gene. They code for different forms of the characteristic. For example, blue eyes and brown eyes, or brown hair and blonda hair.
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Proteins
Proteins are coded for by genes. Having different versions of proteins means that we end up with different characteristics.
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Structural proteins
they are part of things like skin, hair, blood and the cytoplasm in our cells. For example, collagen is a structural protein that is found in tendons, bones and cartilage.
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Functional proteins
They are proteins that have a set purpose. For example enzymes help with digestion by breaking down the food molecules, amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch maltose.
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Genotype
An organism's genotype is all the genes it has and how they look.
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Phenotype
An organism's phenotype is how the organism displays its genotype. It is the characteristics it displays.
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Gametes
sex cells
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fertilisation
when the two gametes (egg and sperm) fuse together to create a full set of chromosomes.
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Asexual Reproduction
When a cell makes a new cell by dividing by two. The new cell has exactly the same genetic information (i.e. genes) as the parent cell. They are clones. It is how all plants and animals grow and produce replacement cells.
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Dominant alleles
domiant over the reccessive allele, e.g. if you had a dominant allele and a recessive allele the phenotype would be that of the dominant allele.In a punnet square or genetic diagram it is represented by an uppercase (capital) letter.
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Recessive allele
Requires two recessive alleles for it to show as the phenotype. In a punnet square or a genetic diagram the recessive allele/s is shown by a lower case letter.
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Homozygous trait
Two alleles the same for that particular gene.
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Heterozygous trait
two different alleles for that particular gene.
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Sex chromosomes
These determine what sex you are (whether you are male or female). All emn have XY chromsomes and all women have ** chromosomes. There is a 50% chance of being a boy or a girl.
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Genetic disorders
They are caused by faulty alleles, examples of them are Cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease.
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Cystic fibrosis - caused by and symptoms
This is caused by recessive alleles, 'f' which is often carried by 1 in 25 people.It is a genetic disorder of the cell membrane, with symptoms of breathing difficulty and thick sticky mucus in the airpassages, gut and pancreas.
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Cystic fibrosis- inheritence
Poeple with only one copy of the faulty allele won't have the symptoms, they are known as carriers. For a child to have a chance of inheriting the disease both parents must be either carriers or sufferers.
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Huntingdon's disease
It is caused by a dominant allele, it causes tremors, clumsiness, memory loss, mood changes and poor concentration. There is a 50% chance of a child inheriting it if just one parent is a carrier. The symptoms tend not to come out until after 40.
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Genetic engineering
Uses enzymes to 'cut and paste' genes. GM crops had their genes modified to make them resistant to viruses, insects or herbicides, or produc more of a certain mineral/vitamin.Cystic fibrosis is treated by inserting working genes into sufferers.
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Creating Insulin (genetic engineering)
Enzymes are used to cut the useful gene out of human insulin, it is then inserted into bacteria which reproduces asexually, cloning the gene for insulin which is purified and used by people with diabetes.
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Genetic engineering pros
It can increaes the yields of crops, making more food. DM crops can be engineered to contain the nutrients that are missing from people's diets. Eg.. 'golden rice' contains beta-carotene. They are already being grown around the world without issues.
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Genetic engineering cons
It may affect the number of weeds and wildflowers, thus affecting the biodiversity around the crops. NOt everyone is convinced it is safe. Transplanted genes may get into the natural environment, e.g. herbicide resistance may be picked up by weeds.
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Adaptation- desert animals
They have a large surafe area compared to volume to help lose more body heat. They lose less water by producing small amounts of concentrated urine & make very little sweat. They have a thin coat & layer of body fatt. Sandy colour is good camouflage.
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Adaptation- Arctic animals
They make compact shape to keep surface area to a minimum. They have a thick layer of blubber. thick hairy coats (and polar bears have black skin and hollow fur) keep heat in , greasy fur sheds water. White fur is good camouflage.
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Species
A group of organisms that can breed together to make fertile offspring.
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Variation
The difference in phenotypes within a species.
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Environmental variation
The environment that organisms live and grow in can cause differences within a species. Any difference that has been caused by the conditions it lives in. e.g. losing a toe in a pirana attack or growing yellow leaves from lack of sunlight.
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Genetic variation
The combing of genes from two parents causes genetic variation. only identical twins are exactly identical within a species. e.g. eyecolour, blood group and inherited disorders.
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Characteristics due to the environment and genetic variation
These include body weight, height, skin colour, condition of teeth, athletic or academic prowess, etc. For example the maximum height an animal or plant could grow is determined by its genes but whether it reaches that height's due to its environment
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Theory of evolution
More than 3 billion years ago , life on Earth began as simple organisms from which all the more complex organisms evolved.
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Theory of creationism
God made each individual of each species.
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Classification
Plants make their own food (by photosynthesis) and are fixed into the ground. Animals move about the place and can't make their own food. Microorganisms are different to plants and animals, e.g. bacteria are single-celled.
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Evolutionary relationships
How all living things are related.
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Ecological relationships
How all living things interact with each other.
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KPCOFGS- classification
Kingdom. Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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Charles Darwin
First proposed the theory of 'Natural Selection.' His theory was very controversial at the time as it went against the religious belief of creationism and he could not give a good explanation. Genes,etc were found 50 yrs after his theorys publication
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Natural Selection
Individuals in a species show variation due to genes, individuals with characteristics better suited to their environment have a batter chance of survival, allowing them to pass on their genes to future generations as there is less competition.
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Mutations
Mutations are a permanent change in an organisms DNA. Most of the time mutations have no effect, sometimes they are negative and occasionally they have a positive impact. Over time a beneficial mutation will accumulate in a population.
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Competition
Organisms compete for resources to survive. They compete with other species and members of their own species for the same resources.
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Plants compete for....
light, space, water and minerals (nutrients) from the soil.
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Animals compete for....
space (territory), food, water and mates.
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Environmental change
The environment things live in changes all the time due to two factors, living and non-living.
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Pyramids of biomass
Pyramids of biomass show the dry mass of organisms at each stage (trophic level) of a food chain.
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Pyramids of number
Pyraids of number show to number of organisms at each stage (trophic level) of a food chain.
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Energy loss
Engery can be lost in a food chain through waste, movement, heat and the inedible materials in the body.
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Decay
Decay is cycle. Plants take things from their environment (e.g. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen) which get passed on through the food chain. Microorganisms decompose these by digesting them. They work best in warm, moist oxygen rich conditions.
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Carbon cycle
C is turned into CO2 when fossil fuels and other animal/plant based materials are burnt. Plants absorb it during photosynthesis. Animals eat the plants. Plants & animals respire releasing CO2. Decaying plants & animals release CO2.
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Nitrogen cycle (N2)
N2 in the air is turned into nitrates in the ground through lightning and nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The body's genetic material is arranged into chromosomes. All cell in the human body have 46 chromosomes (except gametes, sex cells, which only have 23). Eachcromosome is one long coiled molecule of DNA. They come in pairs, one from each parent.

Back

Chromosomes

Card 3

Front

A gene is a short length of a chromosome which control characteristics, e.g. hair colour and how an organism functions. Genes code for amino acids which make up differnt proteins.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Alleles are the different versions of a gene. They code for different forms of the characteristic. For example, blue eyes and brown eyes, or brown hair and blonda hair.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Proteins are coded for by genes. Having different versions of proteins means that we end up with different characteristics.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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