B11

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What is the endocrine system?
A system made up of glands that secrete hormones into the blood
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What picks up the hormone?
Receptors on the cell membranes
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What can hormones do?
They are slower compared to nervous system but last longer
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What are examples of rapid response hormones?
Insulin and adrenaline
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What are examples of slow acting hormones with long term effects?
Growth + sex hormones
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What is the powerful gland in the brain?
Pituitary gland
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What does the FSH do?
Stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen
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What does TSH do?
Stimulates thyroid gland to make thyroxine
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What does the pituitary gland control?
Growth, thyroid, ovaries and testes
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What does thyroid control?
Metabolic rate
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What does pancreas control?
Levels of glucose
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What do the adrenal glands control?
Prepares for stressful simulations
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What do ovaries do?
Controls secondary sexual characteristics
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What do testes do?
Controls secondary sexual characteristics
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What does the pancreas do?
Secrete insulin
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What does glucose allow?
Soluble glucose to insoluble glycogen, glucose to blood
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What does glucagon do?
Converts glycogen to glucose when levels are low
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What is used to keep the level constant?
Negative feedback
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What is negative feedback?
When one thing goes up something brings it down
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What is type 1 diabetes?
Where your pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin
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What is type 2 diabetes?
Where pancreas makes less insulin than needed and cells stop responding to it
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What causes type 2 diabetes?
Diet and exercise
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What can be used to treat type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injections, healthy diet
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How to cure type 1 diabetes?
Transplant pancreas, transplanting pancreatic cells
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How to treat type 2 diabetes?
Balanced diet, exercise, drugs to make insulin work better, pancreas make more insulin and reduce glucose from gut
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What is an example of a negative feedback system?
TSH system
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What happens if levels of thyroxine fall?
TSH rises
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What happens if levels of thyroxine rise?
TSH fall
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What does adrenaline cause?
Heart rate and breathing increase, glycogen to glucose, pupils dilate, blood diverted to muscles instead of digestive system
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What are primary sex characteristics?
Ones your born with e.g. testes + ovaries
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What is shown in the diagram?
Prostate gland
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What is shown in the diagram?
Sperm duct
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What is the shown in the diagram?
Seminal vesicle
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What is shown in the diagram?
Testes
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What is shown in the diagram?
Scrotum
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What is shown in the diagram?
Urethra
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What is shown in the diagram?
Penis
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What is shown in the diagram?
Fallopian tube
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What is shown in the diagram?
Uterus
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What is shown in the diagram?
Vagina
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What is shown in the diagram?
Cervix
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What is shown in the diagram?
Ovary
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What is oestrogen produced by?
Ovaries
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What does rising oestrogen cause?
Development of secondary sexual characteristics
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What is ovulation?
A mature egg being released
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What does LH do?
Release egg
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Where is testosterone produced?
Testes
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What do rising levels of testosterone do?
Cause secondary sexual characteristics
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What day in the menstrual cycle is an egg released?
14 days
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What is secreted by empty egg follicle?
Progesterone
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What does progesterone do?
Inhibits both FSH and LH and maintains lining of uterus
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What does the mixed oral contraceptives contain?
Low dose of oestrogen along with some progesterone
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What do the hormones do?
Inhibit the production and release of FSH by the pituitary gland so no eggs mature
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What do the hormones always do?
Stop uterus lining develo, mucus in cervix thick so sperm can't get through
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What are the side effects?
Raised blood pressure, breast cancer, thrombosis
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What happens if the progesterone isn't taken?
Artificial hormone levels drop and body's own hormones can take over quickly
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How long does contraceptive implant last?
3 years
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How long do contraceptive injects last?
12 weeks
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Which hormones does the contraceptive patch contain?
Oestrogen + progesterone
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When does the patch need to be replaced?
Every 7 days
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What are spermicides?
Chemicals that kill or disable sperm
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What is a diaphragm?
Is a thin rubber diaphragm placed over cervix before sex
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What are intrauterine devices?
Small structures inserted into uterus by doctor
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How long do IUD's last?
3-5 years
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What do some IUD's contain and what does it do?
Copper, prevent implantation
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What do other IUD's contain and what do they do?
Progesterone releasing it slow prevent uterus lining
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What is a disadvantage of IUD?
Cause period problems or infections
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Abstinence is what?
Refrain from sex during ovulation
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What is the surgical method called?
Sterilised
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What happens to men during surgery?
Their sperm duct cut and tied preventing sperm into semen
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What happens to women during surgery?
Oviducts cut to prevent egg reaching uterus
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What is one reason why pregnancy cannot happen?
The women does not make enough FSH to stimulate maturation of eggs in ovaries
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How is this treated?
An artificial FSH can be used to simulate eggs and trigger oestrogen production
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What happens next?
Artificial form of LH used to trigger ovulation
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What is IVF?
Used when the oviducts have been damaged or blocked by infection or long term infertility
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What can doctors do to help infertility? (1st step)
Mother synthetic FSH to stimulate maturation of number of eggs followed by LH to bring to point of ovulation
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What can doctors do to help infertility? (2nd step)
Collect eggs from ovary and fertilise w sperm in lab
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What can doctors do to help infertility? (3rd step)
Fertilised eggs kept in special solutions in a warm environment
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What can doctors do to help infertility? (4th step)
When they are balls of cells one or two embryos inserted into uterus
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What are two disadvantage of IVF?
Expensive and can be unsuccessful
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What are another two disadvantages of IVF?
Health risks from hormones to mother, increases risk of multiple births which increases stillbirth chance
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What is a final disadvantage of IVF?
Ethical issues if women dies and eggs are stored
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What is a phototropism?
Response of a plant to light
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What is a gravitopism?
Response of plant to gravity
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What hormone controls these responses?
Auxin
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How does auxin work in a phototropism?
Shoot bend towards light, auxin moves to side of shoot where light is falling, cells respond by growing more so shoot bends towards light
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Why do roots + shoots grow differently?
Because high levels of auxin make shoot cells grow more but inhibit growth of root cells
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What side does the root grow on?
Grows more on the side with least auxin making bend down to gravity
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What side does the shoot grow on?
Grows more on the side with most auxin making it bend and grow up away from gravity
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What are Gibberellins?
Plant hormones that are important in initiating seed germination
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What do Gibberellins do?
Trigger breakdown of food stores in seed at start of germination
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What does auxin do?
Stimulate cell growth
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Where are auxins used?
Rooting powders, weed killers,
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What are selective herbicides?
Using a controlled amount of hormone to large surface area as most weeds are broad
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Where are Gibberellins used?
Brewing industry to end seed dormancy, promote flowering, increase size of fruit
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How is ethene used?
Control ripening of fruit
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What picks up the hormone?

Back

Receptors on the cell membranes

Card 3

Front

What can hormones do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are examples of rapid response hormones?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are examples of slow acting hormones with long term effects?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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