B1 OCR Gateway B

?
Blood pressure is measured in what?
mmHg
1 of 83
What are the two measurements of blood pressure?
Systolic Pressure and Diastolic Pressure
2 of 83
What is systolic pressure?
The higher measurement when the heart beats, pushing blood through the arteries.
3 of 83
What is diastolic pressure?
the lower measurement when the heart rests between beats.
4 of 83
What factors can increase blood pressure?
Smoking, being overweight, drinking a lot of alcohol, stress.
5 of 83
What problems can a high blood pressure cause?
Kidney damage, burst blood vessels, damage to the brain, including strokes.
6 of 83
What can low blood pressure cause?
Dizziness, fainting and poor blood circulation.
7 of 83
What is the difference between fitness and health?
Fitness is the ability to do physical activity, health is the amount of freedom from disease.
8 of 83
What are 6 ways to measure fitness?
Speed, stamina, flexibility, strength, agility and cardiovascular efficiency.
9 of 83
What does nicotine and carbon monoxide do to the body?
Nicotine itself increases the heart rate and carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen combining with the haemoglobin.
10 of 83
What is the sequence of events on how a heart attack can occur?
Fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries, a blood clot can form on a fatty deposit the blood clot can block a coronary artery, some heart muscle cells do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need, these cells start to die.
11 of 83
What factors increase the likely hood of someone getting heart disease?
Smoking, high blood pressure, high levels of salt in the diet, high levels of saturated fat in the diet.
12 of 83
What is the function of the cornea?
Refracts light - bends it as it enters the eye.
13 of 83
What is the function of the iris?
Controls how much light enters the pupil by contracting or relaxing it's muscle.
14 of 83
What is the function of the lens?
Focuses light onto the retina.
15 of 83
What is the function of the retina?
Contains the light receptors. Rods: Black and white and dim light. Cones: Sensitive to colour.
16 of 83
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Carries impulses from the eye to the brain.
17 of 83
What are carbs, fats and protein made from?
Carbs - Glucose and simple sugars. Fats - Fatty acids and glycerol. Protein - Amino acids (Carbs and Fats are high-energy sources but protein is for growth and repair).
18 of 83
Give one example why we need minerals.
Iron, to make the haemoglobin needed in red blood cells.
19 of 83
Give one example why we need vitamins.
Vitamin C, which prevents a disease called scurvy.
20 of 83
What do fibres do?
Prevent constipation,
21 of 83
What are the health problems for being overweight?
Diabetes - an illness in which the body is unable to control the amount of sugar in the blood, arthritis - an illness in which the joints become worn, inflamed and painful, heart disease, breast cancer.
22 of 83
What is BMI and how do you calculate it?
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a guide to whether someone is underweight, normal weight or overweight. BMI = mass in kg ÷ (height in m)².
23 of 83
What is EAR and how do you calculate it?
Reccomened daily protein intake. EAR in g = 0.6 × body mass in kg.
24 of 83
How does the body store fats and carbs??
Fats are stored around organs and under the skin as adipose tissue, carbohydrates are converted to fats, or stored as glycogen in the liver.
25 of 83
What are first and second class proteins?
First class proteins are from animals and second class proteins are from plants.
26 of 83
What are pathogens?
Pathogens are organisms that cause disease. They include microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
27 of 83
What diseases can bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa cause?
Cholera, flu, athletes foot and malaria.
28 of 83
How is malaria caused?
Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan, a type of single-cell.ed organism. The malaria parasite is spread from person to person by mosquitoes. These insects feed on blood and the malaria parasite is passed on when the mosquito takes a meal.
29 of 83
What are vectors?
Organisms that spread disease not cause it.
30 of 83
Name 3 non infectious diseases.
Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency, Anaemia is caused by iron deficiency, Diabetes and cancer are disorders of the body.
31 of 83
What is cancer?
A cancer happens when cells begin to divide out of control. They form tumours that can sometimes be felt as an unusual lump in the body.
32 of 83
What can cause cancer?
Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and exposure to a lot of uv light. (Skin cancer)
33 of 83
What are the two types of tumors?
Benign tumours grow slowly and are usually harmless – warts are benign tumours, Malignant tumours often grow more quickly and may spread throughout the body.
34 of 83
Name 4 body defences.
The skin, blood clotting, mucus and stomach acids.
35 of 83
What can white blood cells do?
Engulf pathogens and destroy them. Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens. Produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by pathogens.
36 of 83
What is active immunity?
The immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.
37 of 83
What is passive immunity?
The short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
38 of 83
What do anitbiotics kill?
Bacteria not viruses.
39 of 83
Why are blind trials important?
It is important to be certain that a drug really does have positive effects, rather than people feeling better simply because they expect to feel better if they take a medicine.
40 of 83
How do vaccines work?
Vaccination involves putting a small amount of an inactive form of a pathogen, or dead pathogen, into the body.
41 of 83
What can vaccines contain?
Live pathogens treated to make them harmless, harmless fragments of the pathogen, toxins produced by pathogens, dead pathogens.
42 of 83
Advantages and disadvatanges of binocular and monocular vision.
Binocular visision. Better depth perception, worse field of view. Monocular vision - Better field of view, worse depth perception.
43 of 83
How is short-sightedness caused?
Because the lens focuses the sharpest image in front of the retina, instead of on it.
44 of 83
How is long-sightedness caused?
Because the lens focuses the sharpest image behind the retina, instead of on it.
45 of 83
What is colour blindness?
People with colour blindness have a lack of receptors, or defects in them. People with red-green colour blindness, for example, have difficulty distinguishing shades of red and green.
46 of 83
What are the three different types of nuerons?
Sensory neurones carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain, relay neurones carry messages from one part of the CNS to another, motor neurones carry signals from the CNS to effectors.
47 of 83
What is a synapse?
Where two neurones meet, there is a tiny gap called a synapse. Signals cross this gap using chemicals. One neurone releases the chemical into the gap. The chemical diffuses across the gap and makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal.
48 of 83
What is a simple reflex action?
Stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector.
49 of 83
How can short-sightedness be corrected?
It can be corrected by placing a concave lens in front of the eye.
50 of 83
How can long-sightedness be corrected?
It is corrected by putting a convex lens in front of the eye.
51 of 83
What are the 5 main types of drugs?
Depressant, hallucinogen, painkiller, performance enhancer and stimulant.
52 of 83
What are their effects on the body?
Slows down brain activity alters what we see and hear, blocks nerve impulses, improves muscle development, increases brain activity.
53 of 83
Give 5 examples.
Alcohol, LSD, Aspirin, Steriods and nicotine.
54 of 83
How are drugs classified?
Class A to C, A being the most dangerous.
55 of 83
Why can alcohol be bad for the body?
In the breakdown of alcohol in the liver, toxins are produced in the reaction to break down alcohol.
56 of 83
What is Homoestasis?
Maintaining a constant internal environment of the body is called homeostasis, and the nervous system and hormones are responsible for this.
57 of 83
How is body temeprature controlled?
Sweating, shivering, altering blood flow to the skin.
58 of 83
How do you regulate the bodys water content?
Lungs when we exhale, skin by sweating, body, in urine produced by the kidneys.
59 of 83
What can low and high body temperatures cause?
Low temperatures can cause hypothermia and death if untreated, High temperatures can cause dehydration, heat stroke and death if untreated.
60 of 83
What does insulin do?
Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, controls blood sugar levels in the body. It travels from the pancreas to the liver in the bloodstream.
61 of 83
What happens if the glucose levels are too high?
Insulin is secreted into bloodstream, liver converts glucose in to glycogen to be stored. Glucose levels go down.
62 of 83
What happens if the glucose levels are too low?
Insulin is not secreted into bloodstream and liver doesn't convert glucose into glycogen. Glucose levels go up.
63 of 83
What is the difference bweteen Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 - Pancreas doesn't make enough insulin. Develops during childhood. Type 2 - Body doesn't respond to insulin. Normally developed over the ages of 40 due to poor diet and lifestyle.
64 of 83
What is the difference between positive and negative tropism?
Positive tropisms – the plant grows towards the stimulus, Negative tropisms – the plant grows away from the stimulus.
65 of 83
Response for stimulus for shoot.
Positive - Towards light. Negative - Away from gravity.
66 of 83
Response for stimulus for root.
Positive - Towards gravity. Negative - Away from light.
67 of 83
How does a weed killer work?
The selective weed killer contains growth hormone that causes the weeds to grow too quickly. The weed killer is absorbed in larger quantities by the weeds rather than the beneficial plants.
68 of 83
What is rooting powder?
Rooting powder makes stem cuttings quickly develop roots. Rooting powder contains growth hormones.
69 of 83
Why would you want to control fruit ripening?
These hormones and their inhibitors are useful for delaying ripening during transport or when fruit is displayed in shops.
70 of 83
What is dormancy?
Dormancy stops seeds germinating until conditions are ideal for growth. Hormones can be used to remove the dormancy of a seed so it can germinate at all times of year.
71 of 83
What are auxins?
Auxins are mostly made in the tips of the shoots and roots, and can diffuse to other parts of the plant. Auxins change the rate of elongation in plant cells, controlling how long they become.
72 of 83
What chromosomes do males and females carry?
Male mammals carry XY sex chromosomes - female mammals carry ** sex chromosomes.
73 of 83
What are different versions of genes called?
Different versions of a gene are called alleles, and these alleles can be dominant or recessive.
74 of 83
What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are large and complex. They carry the genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living thing.
75 of 83
What are genes?
A gene is a short section of DNA. Each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together.
76 of 83
What are chromosomes?
The cell’s nucleus contains chromosomes made from long DNA molecules.
77 of 83
What are gametes?
Gametes are sex cells. The male gametes are the sperm, and the female gametes are the eggs. Gametes contain half the number of chromosomes as body cells do. They contain half the genetic information that body cells do.
78 of 83
What does homozygous and heterozygous mean?
An individual is homozygous for a certain gene if they have two identical alleles. They are heterozygous for a certain gene if they two different alleles.
79 of 83
Name 3 inherited disorders.
Red-green colour blindness, sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis.
80 of 83
What is cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the cell membranes, causing the production of thick and sticky mucus.
81 of 83
What is sickle cell anaemia?
The red blood cells of sufferers are misshapen and can stick together which can block blood vessels. Sickle cell disease sufferers can become very tired and quickly get out of breath.
82 of 83
What is huntington's disease?
a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia.
83 of 83

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the two measurements of blood pressure?

Back

Systolic Pressure and Diastolic Pressure

Card 3

Front

What is systolic pressure?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is diastolic pressure?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What factors can increase blood pressure?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

OCR B1
See all Biology resources »See all All of Module B1 resources »