B1, Cell Structure And Transport.

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  • Created by: cieran_10
  • Created on: 28-02-18 23:00
What do light microscopes use to form an image?
A beam of light.
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Up to how many time can light microscopes magnify an object and what is this for school light microscopes?
Up to 2000 times, however, in a school, up to 400 times.
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What are light microscopes used to magnify?
Living objects.
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How expensive are light microscopes and how portable are they?
They are relatively cheap and easy to transport.
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What does an electron microscope use to form an image?
A beam of electrons.
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Up to how many times can electron microscopes magnify an object?
2,000,000 times.
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What can electron microscopes not be used for?
Viewing living objects.
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How expensive are electron microscopes and what type of conditions do they have to be kept in?
They are very expensive and they have to be kept in special conditions.
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What type of images does the transmission electron microscope give?
2D images.
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What type of images to scanning electron microscopes give? (2.)
3D images, but at a lower magnification.
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How far apart do two dots have to be for a light microscope to show these as two and what does this mean?
200nm and this means the microscope has a resolving power of 200nm.
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How far apart do two dots have to be for a transmission electron microscope to show these as two and what does this mean?
0.2nm apart, meaning that it has a really good resolving power.
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What is the equation for magnification?
Image size/object size.
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How many m are in a km?
1000m.
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How many cm are in a m?
100cm.
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How many mm are in a cm?
10mm.
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How many micrometers are in a mm?
1000 micrometres.
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How many nm are in a micrometer?
1000nm.
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What is the range in size (in micrometers) for an animal cell?
10-30 micrometers.
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What doe a nucleus do?
It controls a cell's activities.
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What do the genes on chromosomes in the nucleus do?
Carry the instructions for making proteins for the cell.
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What does the cytoplasm do? (3.)
It is a liquid gel where the organelles are suspended and where the cell's chemical reactions take place.
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What does a cell membrane do and give four examples?
It controls the movement of substances, such as: glucose and mineral ions into the cell and urea and hormones out of the cell.
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What does the mitochondria do?
It is where energy is transferred during aerobic respiration.
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What do ribosomes do?
They are where protein synthesis takes place.
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What are algae?
Simple aquatic organisms.
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What s the size range (in micrometers) of plant cells?
10-100 micrometers.
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What three things does a plant cell have, that an animal cell doesn't?
A cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole.
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What does the cell wall do?
It is rigid and made of cellulose to help it structurally support the cell and therefore the plant.
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What do chloroplasts contain, why and what does this do?
They contain chlorophyll, to absorb the sunlight energy needed for photosynthesis,, which makes the plant's food.
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What does a permanent vacuole contain and what two things does it do?
It contains cell sap, which helps it to keep the cell and plant rigid and it helps to support the plant.
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Give four things that can be looked at using a light microscope?
Animal cells, onion cells, Elodea cells or algal cells.
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What do Elodea and algal cells have in comparison to onion cells?
They have chloroplasts, whereas onion cells do not.
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What four things are eukaryotes?
Animals, plants, fungi and Protista.
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What three things do ALL eukaryotic cells have?
Cell membranes, cytoplasms and nucleuses.
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What do ALL eukaryotic nucleuses have?
Genetic code on their chromosomes, which are made up of DNA.
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What two things are bacteria?
Single-celled organisms and they are an example of a prokaryotic cell.
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What size are bacteria (in words) and what does this mean?
Very small, meaning they can only be seen using powerful microscopes.
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What two things do bacterial cells have, what do these surround and how does this differ from a plant cell?
They have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, to surround the cytoplasm and a bacterial cell wall is not made from cellulose, making it different from that of a plant.
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Where is the genetic material of a bacterial cell found and in what shape is it?
In the cytoplasm, in a circular shape.
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What are plasmids and are they in all prokaryotic cells?
They are smaller rings of genetic code and no they are not found in all prokaryotic cells.
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Wha do SOME bacterial cells have and why?
A slime capsule, to protect them.
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What do SOME bacterial cells have for movement?
Flagella.
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What can bacteria do to animal's and plant's stored foods?
Decompose it.
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Why do particles in liquids and gases move around randomly?
Due to the energy they have.
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What is diffusion?
It is the spreading out of gas (or of any substance in a solution's) particles.
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What does the net movement into or out of cells depend on?
The concentration of the particles on each side of the cell membrane.
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In waht direction does diffusion happen?
It goes with the concentration gradient, meaning that it goes from an area of high concnetration ot an area of low concentration.
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Complete the rule: the larger the difference in the concentration of the two areas...
The faster the rate of diffusion.
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What other factor increases the rate of diffusion and why?
Temperature; it gives the particles more kinetic energy to move faster.
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Give four common examples of diffusion.
Oxygen nad glucose into body cells from the bloodstream for respiration; carbon dioxide into an actively photosynthesising plant cell; oxygen and carbon dioxide going out of and into the lungs (gas exchange); simple sugars + amino acids from the gut.
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What does a cell membrane have to be for diffusion to occur?
Freely permeable.
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What is osmosis? (2.)
It is the the diffusion of WATER across a partially permeable membrane.
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Give two things that makes osmosis the same as diffusion.
That the movement of the water molecules is random and requires no energy from the cell itself.
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From waht conditions does osmosis go from and to?
From a dilute solution to a concentrated solution/with the conentration gradient.
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Whst is the meaning of isotonic?
This means that two solutions have the same concentration.
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What is the meaning of hypertonic?
This decribes a solution that is more cocentrated.
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What is the meaning of hypotonic?
It decribes a solution which is more dilute.
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What will happen to animal cells surrounded by hypotonic solutions?
They vwill swell and possibly burst; too much water will enter into the cell via osmosis.
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What will happen to animal cells surrounded by hypertonic solutions?
Water will move out the cell, by osmosis and the cell will, therefore, shrink.
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Why do animals need complex mechanisms to control the concentration of solutions in the body?
To stop them from shrinking or bursting; of too much water moving into or out of the cell.
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When does turgor pressure occur in plant cells?
When no more water can enter the plant cell; of the pressure already inside of the cell.
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Give the first step of plant osmosis?
1) Water enters into the pplant cells, via osmosis.
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Give the second step of plant osmosis?
2) The vacuole will swell.
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Give the third step of plant osmosis?
3) The cytoplasm begin to become pressed against the cell wall.
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Give the fourth step of plant osmosis?
4) The cell becomes rigid.
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Give the fifth step of plant osmosis and is this good for plant and why (not?)
5) Both the leaves and the stem become rigid, this is good for the plant; it keeps it from becoming weak
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What keeps water moving into plant cells to make them rigid?
A hypotonic solution being on the outside of the plant cell.
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What causes a plant to wilt? (3.)
A hypertonic solution being outside of the plant cells, causing water loss from the cell, making it flaccid and therefore wilting the plant/leaf.
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What is plasmolysis? (4.)
It is when water leaves the plant cell and the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink, casuing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall.
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Why can a person use an osmometer to measure the rate of osmosis in a plant?
As plant react so strongly to the concentration of the external solution.
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What plant is often used to test the effect of osmosis on plant tissue?
Potato.
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Give three ways, in which, the effect of osmosis on a plant tissue can be measured?
Diameter, weight and length.
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Why does active transport occur? (3.)
As the plant may be in short supply of a substance that has to be moved against the concentration gradient and across a partially permeable membrane.
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What fuels active transport?
Energy from respiration.
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Why does active transport required energy? (2.)
As it moves substances against a conentration gradient and the transport protein needs energy to change to the shape of the molecule it is transporting.
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Where can cells absorb ions from?
Dilute solutions.
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How do root hiar cells (in a plant) absorb mineral ions using actove trasnport?
They get them from the dilute solutions in the soil.
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How do the gut and kidney tubules use active trasnport?
By abosrbing glucose out of themselves.
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Why do people with cystic fibrosis have thick and sticky mucus?
As the active transport system does not work well in their mucus cells.
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Give two thnigs that must get to ALL living cells.
Oxygen and soluble food molecules.
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What must be reomved from the body, in terms of the metabolism?
Metabolic waste materials.
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Do small animals have a large or small SA:V ration?
A large one.
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How to single-celled organisms get their oxygen? (2.)
By diffusion through their surface.
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Complete the rule: as organisms increase in size...
...thier SA:V ration decreases.
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What do larger organisms have to get the food and oxygen they need?
Complex exchange surfaces.
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What three things do efficient exchange surfaces have?
A short diffusion pathway, a lagre surface area and an efficient transport system (a blood supply in animals.)
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What must animal's gaseous exhange surfaces be?
Well ventilated.
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What is oxygen abosrbed by when air is drawn up by the lungs during breathing?
Alveoli.
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What two things do alveoli have?
A large surface area and a good blodd supply.
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Why do alveoli have a good blood supply? Give two reasons.
To carry the drawn in oxygen from the lungs/alveoli and to maintain a concentration gradient.
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What three things do villi (of the small intestine) have?
A large surface area, a short diffusion pathway and a good blood supply.
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Why do villi (in the small intestine) have a good blood supply?
To absorb food molecules.
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What do fish gill act as?
A gaseous exhange surface between the sea water and the fish's blood.
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What does a fish operculum do? (2.)
It acts as a pump, which maintains the flow of water over the gills.
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Why do plants have long and thick roots?
To increase the surface area for water abosorbtion.
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What do root hiar cells help to do?
Increase the surface area of the root even more.
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Why are leaves flat and thin?
To give them a short diffusion pathway for the diffusion of materials needed for photosynthesis.
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Why do leaves have stomata?
To allow gases in and out of them, from their metabolic reactions.
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