b1

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  • Created by: ilke1211
  • Created on: 14-04-17 18:23
What are the two measurements for blood pressure ?
Systolic pressure and Diastolic pressure
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Factors that increase blood pressure are ...
Being overweight, stress, alcohol intake and smoking
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Factors that can decrease blood pressure are ...
Regular exercise and a balanced diet
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Consequences of high blood pressure are ...
Stroke and kidney damage
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Consequences of low blood pressure are ...
Dizziness and fainting, poorciculation around the body
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Why is the blood in arteries under pressure ?
Due to the contraction of the heart so that it may reach all parts of th body
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How can heart disease risk be increased ?
Having high levels of saturated fat in your diet which builods up plaque, or high levels of salt
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What is fitness ?
The ability to do regular exercise
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What is health ?
Being free from disease
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How do you measure fitness ?
Strength (weight lifted), Flexibiliy (joint movement), Stamina (time of sustained exercise), Agility (changing direction many times), Speed (sprint race)
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How does smoking increase blood pressure ?
Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood so heart rate increases to compensate
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How does nicotine affect the heart ?
It increases the heart rate
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How do narrowed arteries and and thrombosis increase a heart attack ?
Narrowing arteries caused by plaques in the coronary artery reduce blood flow to the heart muscle. Plaque also makes blood clots (thrombosis) more likely to happen which will also block the artery supplying the heart
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What should a balanced diet include ?
Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats, Minerals, Vitamins, Fibre, Water
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Why is high protein needed for a teenager ?
High protein is needed for a teenager beacuse they are still growing
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Why are some nations deficient in protein ?
There is protein deficiency in other developing countires because they are overpopulated and and lack money to improve agriculture
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What is used as a energy source in the absence of fats and carbohydrates
Protein
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What can obesity cause ?
Increased health risks such as arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer
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What are carbohydrates made of ?
Simple sugars such as glucose
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What are fats made of ?
Fattu acids and glycerol
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What are proteins made up of ?
Amino acids
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What are some reasons diets vary ?
Age, Gender, Personal choice (e.g veganism), Religon, Medical issues
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A lack in protein is called ...
kwashiorkor
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To calculate esimated daily requirement (EAR) of protein you use the formula
(EAR) in grams = 0.6 x mass in kg
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What is body mass index (BMI) used for ?
To calculate if you are: under weight, normal, overweight or obese
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How is BMI measured ?
BMI = mass in kg / (height in m)^2
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How are carbohydrates stored ?
carbohydrates are stored in the liver as glycogen or converted into fats
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How are Fats stored ?
Fats are stored under the skin and around the oragns as adipose tissue
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How are proteins stored ?
Proteins are not stored
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Why do vegetarians need to get their protein from a wide range of sources ?
This is because non meat proteins are second-class and do not contain all the essential amino acids
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What are diseases caused by ?
Pathogen (disease-causing microorganisms)
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What are types of pathogen and some of their diseases ?
Bacteria (cholera), Viruses (flu), Fungi (athlete's foot), Protozoa (malria)
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How is the human body defended against pathogens ?
Skin provides barrier, Blood clotting preventsentry opf pathogens, Pathogens are trapped by mucus in airway, hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens
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What is an infectious disesase ?
A disease caused by a pathogen
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What is non-infectious disease ?
A disease that is naturally occuring e.g cancer
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What does vaccination do ?
Gives immunity to certain pathogens
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How are pathogens that enter the body combatted
The body's white blood cells engulf the pathogenand produce antibodies which lock onto antigens on the surface of the pathogen, thereby killing it.
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What is a vector ?
A vector is an organism that carries the pathogen to the host but is not affected by it whilst doing so
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Use mosquito as an example (using previous question)
A mosquito carries the malaria pathogen to a human host
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How does knowing a mosquitos life cycle help stop the spread of malaria ?
By drainig stagnant water (or putting aoil and spreading insecticides), you kill mosquito larvae, therefore less pathogen will be carried
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Changes in lifestyle and diet can reduce the risk of cancer because ...
By not smoking the chances of lung cancer reduce, and by using sunscreen skin cancer risks are reduced
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What is a benign tumour ?
e.g Warts , divide slowly and are harmless
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What is a malignant tumour ?
e.g myleoma, divide uncontrollably and may spread.
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What is passive immunity ?
Passive immunity is when you use antibodies from another human or animal which has a quick, short term effect
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What is active immunity ?
When your own white blood cells produce antibodies to comabt the pathogen which is slow but has a long lasting effect.
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Antibiotics
Combat bacteria and fungi and destroys them
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Antivirus
Combats viruses by slowing down the pathogens development
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What is the process of immunisation ?
A harmless pathogen is injected with the same antibodies, the antigen triggers a response from the white blood cells which produce the correct antibodies, memory cells remain in the body providing long lastying immunity
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What is the risk of immunisation ?
Immunisation has small risk such as rashes and even rarer is an allergic reaction, but it avoids the potentially lethal affects of a pat
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Why should antibiotics should be used in moderation ?
There is an increase in resistant bacteria to the antibiotics, such as MRSA which is thriving and causing serious illness.
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Drug testing
Drugs are tseted on animal, human tissue, and computer models before human trials. this is there is minimal harm caused to the human when using it
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What is a placebo ?
A placebo is a harmless pill which are used as a comparison in drug testing. It has no effect
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Blind trials and double blind trials
In a blid trial a patient does not know if they are recieving a placebo or a drug. In a double blind trial neither the patient or the doctor know which treatment is being used. Double blind trials avoid a psychological feel good effect or bias.
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How do animals detect changes in their enviroment (Stimuli) ?
Animals use their receptors which generate nerve impulses
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What are the main parts of the eye ?
The cornea, retina, iris, lens, pupil, and optic nerve
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Cornea
Refracts light
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Iris
Controls how much light enters the pupil
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Lens
Focuses light on retina
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Retina
Contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours
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Optic nerve
Carries impiulse to brain
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Monocular vision
Wider field of view but poor judgement of distance
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Binocular vision
Narrower firld of view but better judgement of distance
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How does binocular vision help judge distance
Binocular vision helps judge distance by comapring images from both eyes, the more different they are the nearer the object
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Long sightedness
when the image is focused behind the retina because the eyeball is too short or the lens is too thin. Therefore nearer objects are harder to see
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Short sightedness
When the image is focsed in front of the retina because the eye is too long or the lens is too rounded. Therefore objects further away are hard to see
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Red green colour blindness
The lack of specialised pignments means that the colours red and green are not seen a the same way someone with normal eyesight would see them
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How can short or long sightedness be corrected ?
The eye sight of those with short/long sightness can be corrected with corneal surgery, contact lenses or glasses.
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What type of lens changes short sightedness ?
Concave lens
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What type of lens changes long sightedness ?
Convex
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What is accomodation ?
Accomodation is when the eye focuses light from distant or near objects by altering the shape of the lens.
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The central nervous system (CNS) parts
The brain and the spinal cord
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What are nerve cells called ?
Neurones
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Where do nerve impulses pass through ?
The axon
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What is a nerve impulse ?
An electrical signal which go from neurone to neurone
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What are reflex actions ?
Fast, automatic, protective actions
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What is a voluntary response ?
A voluntary response is something that is under the control of your brain e.g shaking hands
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Parts of a motor neurone
Axon, sheath, cell body
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Reflex arc
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> CNS -> Motor neurone -> Effector -> Response
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Spinal reflex
Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> Relay neurone -> Motor neurone -> Effector
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How are neurones adapted ?
They are long, Have branched endings (dendrites) to pick up impulses, and have an insulating sheath
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The gap between neurones is called ...
A synapse
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What does the arrival of an impulse trigger ?
The release of a transmitter substance which diffuses across the synapse. The transmitter substance binds with recptor moleculesin the membrane of the next neurone causeing the impulse to continue
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Effect of depressants and examples
Slows down brain activity , Alcohol
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Effect of stimulants and examples
Increase brain activity, Nicotine or Caffine
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Effect of painkillers and examples
Block nerve impulses, Aspirin or Paracetemol
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Performance enhancers and examples
Muscle development, Steroids
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Effect of halluciogens and examples
Distort what is seen or heard, LSD
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Drug classification
Classed from C -> A . "C" being the least dangerous with lighter penalties and "A" being the most dangerous with the heaviest penalties.
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What can tabacco use cause ?
Emphysema, Bronchitis, Cancer (mouth,throat,windpipe,lung) and heart disease
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How do depressants work ?
They block transmission of nerve impulses across synapses by by binding with receptor moleculesin the membrane of the recieving neurone
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How do stimulants work ?
They cause more neurotransmitter substances to cross synapses
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How do ciliated epithilial cells get affected by cigarettes?
Cigarette smoke contains many chemicals whichstop cilia moving
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How is "smokers cough" caused ?
Damaged ciliated epithilial cells can cause "smokers cough" becauseit is as a result of dust and smoke collecting and irritating the ling the cells are found on. This means mucus is not naturally moved by the cilia
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How is the liver damaged by alcohol ?
The liver tries to break down alchol which makes a toxic chemical. This is called cirrhosis of the liver.
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What is homeostasis ?
Keeping a constant internal enviroment which involves balancing of bodily inputs and outputs
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What is kept steady at all times and why ?
The temperature, Carbon dioxide, and water is kept steady at all times so that cells work at their optimum level
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What is the core temperature of the human body approximately ?
37 degrees, as it is the optimum temperature for some enzymes.
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How can you measure body temperature ?
You can do this by using a clinical thermometer, sensitive strips, digital recording probes, and
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How can heat be gained or retained ?
By respiring, Sweating less, Shivering, Exercise, Less blood flow near skin, Clothing
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How can heat be lost ?
By sweating more, or letting more blood flow near the skin
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What is vasodilation ?
The dilation (widening) of small blood vessels in the skin. This causes more blood flow and less heat transfer.
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What is vasoconstriction ?
The constriction (narrowing) of small blood vessels in the skin. This causes less blood flow and less heat transfer
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What is the pancreas and where is it located ?
The pancreas is located behind the stomach and responsable for producing the hormone insulin
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What is insulin ?
Insulin is a hormone which controls blood sugar levels
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How is type 1 diabetes caused ?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the pancreas failing to cause insulin.
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How does insulin travel around the body ?
It travels through the blood stream
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What is negative feedback ?
It is a control used in homeostasis. It acts to cancel out a change such as decreasing temperature level
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How does sweat remove heat from the body ?
Sweat removes heat from the body by requiring the body to use heat to change liquid sweat to water vapour.
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How can a high temperature kill you ?
A high temperature can cause heat stroke and dehydration and if left untreated cause death
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How can low temperatures kill you ?
A low temperature can cause hypothermia and if untreated cause death
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What is blood temperature monitored by ?
The hypothalamus gland which will bring about control mechanisms if the the temperature is too extreme vianervous and hormonal systems
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How the type 1 and type 2 diabetes controlled ?
Type 1 is controlled by insulin doses whereas type 2 can be controlled by diet
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Why are responses controlled by hormones usually slower than responses caused by the nervous system ?
This is because hormones travel through the blood
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How does insulin control blood sugar levels ?
Insulin converts excess glucose in the blood to glycogen, which is stored in the liver. This regulates blood sugar level.
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How does the dosage of insulin depend on one's activities and diet ?
Strenuous exercise needs more glucose to be more present in the blood, so a lower insulin dose is required.
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What is phototropism ?
It is a plants growth response to light
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What is geotropism ?
It is a plants growth response to gravity
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How does a plants shoot respond to its eviroment ?
The shoot is positively phototropic (grows towards light) and negatively geotropic (grows away from the pull of gravity)
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How does a plants roots respond to its eviroment ?
The root is negatively phototropic (grows away from light) and positively geotropic (grows towards the pull of gravity)
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What are auxins ?
Auxins are a group of plant hormones. They move through the plant in a solution.
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Where are auxins made ?
The shoot and the tip
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What are auxins involved in ?
Geotropism and phototropism
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How are auxins involved with light ?
Different amounts of auxins are found in different parts of the shoot when exposed to light. More auxins are found shady part of the shoot. A higher amount of auxins will increase the lenght of cells. Therfore there is a curvature in the shoot
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What are commercial uses for plant hormones ?
As selective weedkillers (killing weeds and increasing crop yield), As rooting powder to increase root growth, to delay or accelerate fruit ripenings to meet market demands, To control dormancy seeds.
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What do human characteristics come from ?
Human characteristics can be inherited or can be enviromental
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Where are chromosomes found ?
They are held in the nucleus in a cell and carry information in the form of genes which can control inherited characteristics.
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How many chromosomes are there ?
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes ( 46 in total)
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What are gametes ?
A gamete is a sex cell and contain half the number of chromosomes as a body cell
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Can disorders be inherited ?
Yes some disorder can be inherited from parents such as : red-green colour blindness, cystic fybrosis, and sickle cell anaemia
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How can genetic variation be caused ?
By mutations (random changes in genes and chromosomes), Rearrangment of genes during the formation of gametes, fertilization which results in zygote with alleles from the father and mother.
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Most bady cells have ...
the same number of chromosomes
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What are alleles ?
Different versions of the same gene
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How is the sex of a mammal determined ?
** is the female chromosomes, and XY is the male chromosomes.
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What do domianat and recessive characteristics depend on ?
Dominant and recessive alleles
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Dominant alleles are ...
expressed when present
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Recessive alleles are ...
expressed only in the absence in the absence of the dominant allele
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What is a monohybrid cross ?
It involves only one pair of characteristics controlled by a single gene, one allele beingh dominant and one recessive
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What is homozygous ?
Two identical alleles
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What is heterozygous ?
Two different alleles
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What is a genotype ?
The gentic makeup
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What is a phenotype ?
The characteristics are expressed
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What is the chance of getting a male child or a female child ?
50% male : 50% female
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What are inherited disorders caused by ?
Faulty genes which are normally recessive
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The risk of knowing an inherited disorder means that ...
it could result in lifestyle, career and insurance changes as well as the decision as to marry and to have a family.
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