autoimmune diseases

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  • Created by: hadar
  • Created on: 25-02-18 18:20
Describe the innate immune system
Pattern recognition against broad classes of antigen No memory No amplification Little regulation Fast response (hours – days) Short duration
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Describe the adaptive immune system
Highly specific (T and B cell receptors) Strong memory and amplification component (e.g. vaccines, previous infection) Many regulatory mechanisms Slow response (days to weeks for initial exposure) Responses may last months - years
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What cells are part of the innate immune system?
macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, compliment
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What cells are part of the adaptive immune system?
T-cells and B-cells
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What are the 3 phagocytic cells?
Neutrophils: eat and destroy pathogens Macrophages: also produce chemokines to attract other immune cells Dendritic cells: also present antigen to adaptive immune system
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What are the histamine-producing cells and their function?
Vasodilatation, attract other immune cells Defence against parasites, wound healing but also allergy and anaphylaxis
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What is the function of complement?
Directly attacks pathogens via alternative and lectin pathways May be activated by adaptive immune system via antibodies
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What do cytokines do?
Signal between different immune cells (e.g. innate to adaptive, adaptive to innate)
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What do chemokine do?
Attract other immune cells to sites of inflammation
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What is the definition of autoimmunity?
the adaptive immune system recognises and targets the body’s own molecules, cells and tissues (instead of infectious agents and malignant cells)
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What are the main characteristics of autoimmunity?
T cells that recognise self antigens B cells and plasma cells that make autoantibodies Inflammation in target cells, tissues and organs is secondary to actions of T cells, B cells and autoantibodies
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What is auto-inflammation?
Dysregulation of innate immunity there is no characteristics of learning
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What are the main characteristics of autoinflammation?
seemingly spontaneous attacks of systemic inflammation no demonstrable source of infection as precipitating cause absence of high-titre autoantibodies and antigen specific autoreactive T cells No evidence of auto-antigenic exposure
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What is the immunological distribution in autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation= innate immunity autoimmunity=adaptive immunity
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What are the main cellular involvement in autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation= neutrophils and macrophages autoimmunity=B-cells and T-cells
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What is the antibody involvements in autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation= few/no autoantibodies autoimmunity= autoantibodies present
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What are the clinical features in autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation= recurrent, often seem unprovoked attacked autoimmunity=continuous progression
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What is the conceptual understanding of autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation= tissue-specific factors/danger signals autoimmunity= breaking of self-tolerance
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What is the main genetic susceptibility in autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation=cytokine and bacterial sensing pathways autoimmunity=MHCII associations and adaptive response genes
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What is the therapy in autoinflammation compared to autoimmunity?
autoinflammation= anti-cytokines (IL1/TNF/IL6) Autoimmunity= antiBcells and antiTcells
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Give examples of autoinflammation
Monogenic hereditary periodic fevers, polygenic Crohn’s disease, spondylarthropathies
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Give examples of autoimmunity
Monogenic ALPS and IPEX, Polygenic RA and SLE
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Define autoimmunity
Theoretical concept Many cells of the immune system have capacity for autoimmune functions Overlap with normal immune functions such as anti-tumour immunity
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Define autoimmune disease
Distinct clinical entities Breakdown of self-tolerance Environmental factors acting on favorable genetic background Wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms between diseases
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What are the3 factors which contribute to autoimmune disease/ autoimmunity?
1)genes 2)immune regulation 3)environment
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Where are MHCI and MHCII found?
MHC1= on all cells does antigens inside cell MHC2= on professional immune system – APCs  finds antigens in the environment- external antigens
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Give an example of molecular mimicry
in rheumatic fever antibodies against M protein of Streptococcus also react against the glycoproteins of the heart --?
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What is molecular mimicry
Similar antigens can result in autoimmunity--> an infectious antigen could be similar to a self antigen
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What changes can occur that may cause autoimmunity?
Citrullination of proteins-more immunogenic (rheumatoid arthritis) Tissue transglutamase alters gluten to help it bind to HLA-DQ (coeliac disease) Failure to clear apoptotic debris increases availability of sequestered antigens inside the cell (SLE)
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What is myasthenia gravis?
a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs- autoantibodies block Ash receptor at neuromuscular junction
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What is the mechanism of SLE?
Antibodies against antigens in the nucleus combine with their targets to form IMMUNE COMPLEXES in the circulation- immune complexes deposit in any organ- active complement and cause inflammation
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List 4 types of connective tissue autoimmune diseases
1)systemic lupus erythematosus 2)scleroderma 3)polymyositis 4)sjogrens syndrome
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Card 2

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Describe the adaptive immune system

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Highly specific (T and B cell receptors) Strong memory and amplification component (e.g. vaccines, previous infection) Many regulatory mechanisms Slow response (days to weeks for initial exposure) Responses may last months - years

Card 3

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What cells are part of the innate immune system?

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Card 4

Front

What cells are part of the adaptive immune system?

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Card 5

Front

What are the 3 phagocytic cells?

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