Attention
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- Created by: divineanoinette.b
- Created on: 07-01-18 21:16
Cocktail Party Effect
Can focus on a stimuli whilst ignoring all others. Able to switch focus between stimuli. Attended messages are processed further.
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Dichotic Listening Tasks
Different messages to each ear. Instructed to follow one channel. Shadowed and Unattended messages.
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Cherry (1953)
Stimuli with similar physical properties could not be separated. Despite different meanings, selection is based on physical properties. Unattended messages are filtered out.
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Moray (1959)
33% of participants reported hearing their name. Evidence that unattended messages are filtered out and not processed further.
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Stifelman (1994)
Pts listened to multiple channels. 2 tasks; listening comprehension and target monitoring. Pts had to read a current passage and identify words in previous passages. The performance of pts decreased as the number of channels increased.
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Early Selection Models
Broadbent (1985), Treisman (1964)
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Broadbent (1985)
Selective filter occurs early in attention. Only the attended message reaches a higher level of processing. Can be influenced by voluntary and involuntary attention. Unattended stimuli unaware of and discarded.
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Lachter, Forster & Ruthruff (2004)
Review. Carried out 5 experiments and made sure that irrelevant stimuli were not attended. No evidence that unattended stimuli can be identified.
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Treisman (1964)
Attenuator Model. Selective filter occurs early in attention. All attenuated messages reach higher level of processing. Attended messages and attenuated messages can produce a response.
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Lewis (1970)
Students in a dichotic listening task. Attended and Unattended messages were either related, semantically related or unrelated. Pts unable to recall unattended messages. Differences in reaction times suggest unattended messages semantically processed
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Late Selection Models
Deutsch & Deutsch (1963)
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Deutsch & Deutsch (1963)
All info analysed for meaning. Certain messages selected after semantic analysis. Before a response.
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Tipper & Driver (1988)
Measured the processing of ignored pictures and words. 35% participants recalled the ignored stimuli. Evidence that all information is semantically processed.
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Subliminal Processing
Subliminal messages that are below the perception threshold.
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Vicary (1957)
Subliminal advertising of coca-cola and popcorn during movie advertisements. Increased sales.
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Mogg et al (1993)
Modified Stroop Test for anxiety-related, depression-related, positive, categorized and uncategorized words. Anxiety slower reaction times to name colours. Evidence suggests negative subliminal priming.
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Dehaene et al (1998)
Numbers shown on a screen; Left for 5. Prime presented before correct target. Processing the masked prime was faster if congruent (Words and no's). Non-conscious stimuli affected reaction times. Words and no's semantically encoded.
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Capacity Theory
Tasks require mental effort. Attentional and cognitive resources are limited. Some tasks require more attention than others.
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Perceptual Load (Lavie 1995)
Difficult tasks are demanding that require early selection to free resources. Easy tasks are not as demanding and allows late selection to process more.
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Lavie (1995)
X= Left finger, Z= Right finger. Difficult task; distracting letters should be ignored. Easy task; find the target letter. Difficult; distractor not processed, no interference (early-s). Easy; distractors processed, interference (late-s).
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Automatic VS Controlled Processing
Different tasks are more easy to perform than others. Some require more conscious attention than others.
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Automatic
Through practice behaviour can become automatic
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Schneider & Shiffrin (1977)
Practice makes automatic behaviours more efficient as that behaviour is based on the same cognitive processes.
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Logan (1988)
Practice results in a strategy shift where controlled processing turns into automatic processing through distinct cognitive processes. It increases the speed of the behaviour and increases the retrieval. Memory retrieval of past solutions from LTM.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Different messages to each ear. Instructed to follow one channel. Shadowed and Unattended messages.
Back
Dichotic Listening Tasks
Card 3
Front
Stimuli with similar physical properties could not be separated. Despite different meanings, selection is based on physical properties. Unattended messages are filtered out.
Back
Card 4
Front
33% of participants reported hearing their name. Evidence that unattended messages are filtered out and not processed further.
Back
Card 5
Front
Pts listened to multiple channels. 2 tasks; listening comprehension and target monitoring. Pts had to read a current passage and identify words in previous passages. The performance of pts decreased as the number of channels increased.
Back
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