Attatchment

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  • Created by: ella_mae
  • Created on: 04-02-19 16:50
What is a naturalistic observation?
Involves the recording of spontaneously occuring behaviour in the P's own natural envrionment. The researcher remaind uninvolved
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of naturalistic observation?
This method has high ecological validity as they can study the Ps real behaviour however it cannot infer cause and effect as well as a lack of control making replication difficult
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What is a controlled observation?
Involves the recording of spontaneously occuring behaviour, but under conditions set up by the researcher
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of controlled observations?
Offers more controla nd accurate observations however if Ps know they are being observed they may behave differently- demand characteristics
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What is event sampling?
Consists of the researcher recording an event every time it happens
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What is a advantage and disadvantage of event sampling?
Behaviours should not be missed however if to many observations happen at once it may be difficult to record everything
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What is an exmaple of event sampling?
Ticking a box everytime somebody smiles
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What is time sampling?
Occurs when the researcher decides on a time eg- 5 seconds and then records what behaviour is occuring at that time
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What is Reciprocity?
Means two-way or turn taking. Infant and caregiver are both active contributors in the interaction and are responding to each other
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According to research what can infants as young as 3 days do?
Meltzott and Moore research says that infants as young as 3 days old can immitate facial expressions suggesting its innate
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What is interactional synchrony?
Mothers and infants reflect the actions and emotions of the other. They are synchronised as they are moving in the same/similar pattern
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What is the still face experiment?
The experiment demonstrates the importance of interactional synchrony to a child's development
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What happens in the still face experiement?
The mother interacts with their child for a few minuites but then presents a face which is unresponsive. Studies show that babies quickly become distressed when their attempts to engage the mother in play doesnt work.
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What is Isabella et al do?
She filmed mothers interacting with infants and the level of interactional synchrony was rated.
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What did isabella's experiement find?
That the mothers who had the highest level of interactional synchrony had better attatchment relationships with their babies
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Which researchers conducted the experiment of observation of interactions with mother and infant?
Schaffer and Emmerson
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What was the method in Schaffer and Emmersons research study?
They interviewed mothers and observed their interactions with their infants in their own home
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What was the procedure?
60 infants were vistied at home every month for the first year and then again at 18 months. The reseachers asked mothers how their babies responded to everyday seperation situations such as being left with a babysitter or outside a shop
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What were the results of SChaffer and Emmersons research study?
Attatchment tended to be to the caregiver who was the most interactive and sensitive to the childs needs. By the age of 40 weeks 80% of the babies had a specfic attatchment and almost 30% displayed muiltiple attachments
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What are the 4 stages in the development of attatchment?
1. Pre-attatchment phase 0-3months. 2. Indiscriminate attatchment 3-8months. 3. Discriminate attatchment 8+months. 4. Multiple attatchment
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What occurs at the pre-attatchment phase?
From 6 weeks of age infants become attatched to other humans, preffering them to objects
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What occurs at the indiscriminate attatchment phase?
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more often at people they know, though will allow strangers to handle and look after them
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What occurs at the discriminate attatchment phase?
Infants begin to devlop specific attatchments staying close to particular people and becoming distressed when seperated from them. They avoid unfamiliar people and protest if stangers handle them
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What occurs at the multiple attatchment phase?
Infants form strong emotional ties with major care givers. The fear or strangers weakend but attatchment with the mother remains the strongest
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Who completed the imprinting experiment?
Lorenz
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What is imprinting?
Rapid attatchments to 1st moving objects
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What was the aim and design of the experiment?
To test imprinting anf formation of attatchment. The design was that a number of goose eggs were split into 2 groups, 1 half hatched naturally by the mother, the other half artifically where Lorenz was the first moving object they saw
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What were the results of this ecperiment?
The naturally hatched gooslings followed their mother, but the others followed Lorenz and went straight to him showing no bond with the natural mother. This was not reversible and the imprinting would only happen 4-25 hours after birth
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What is the conclusion to this experiment?
Imprinting is a form of attatchment that is innate in order to promote survival, and this needs to happen in a critical period which cannot be reversed
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What is the nature-nurture debate?
Behaviour determined by the deatures we are born with or is our behaviour determined by our environment?
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How does Lorenz's work support the nature side of the debate?
As imprinting happens soon after birth
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What was the aim of Harlow's monkey study?
To investigate the effects of maternal deprivation and isolation on the devlopment of monkeys
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What was the procedure for Harlow's monkeys experiment?
The harlows measured the amount of time the baby spent clinging to each mother and checked the attatchment had formed by putting a noisy mechanical toy in the cage to frighten it
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What were the findings for the study?
THe haflow's found that the baby monkeys used the soft mother as their base, returning to her for comfort when they were frightened and only visiting the wire mother to feed
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Name some ethical issues in the study
The monkeys suffered greatly as a result of the procedure and harlow was aware of this, referring to the wire mothers as 'iron maiders'
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What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association, described by Ivan Pavlov
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What did Pavlov find out about classical conditioning?
He noticed that dogs would salivate if they were shown a piece of meat. He conditioned the dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell by ringing a bell everytime they were fed
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What does UCS stand for?
Unconditioned stimulus which is something in the environment which naturally produces a response
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What does NS stand for?
Neutral Stimulus which is a stimulus that doesn't usually cause a reaction
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What CS stand for?
Conditioned stimulus which is something in the environment that doesn't naturally produce a response but has learnt to respond to
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What does CR stand for?
Contioned response which means the response whihc occurs as a result of CS
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What is operant conditioning?
Learning by association where reinforcers increase the likelihood that we will repeat a behaviour
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What did skinner do?
Skinner rewarded rats with food when they pressed a button which therefore resulted in the rats repeating the behaviour because it was rewarding. He punished other rats with electric shocks if they pressed a button which decreased repeated behaviour
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What does Bowlby's monotropic theory suggest?
That attatchment is important for survival
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What can Bowlbys theory be described as and why?
Evolutionary because he suggests that infants who showed attatchment behaviour was more likely to survive and therefore pass this characteristic to their own children
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How are infants programmed at birth according to Bowlby?
Infants are innately programmed to form an attatchment due to social releasers which adults respond to. He says that this innate attatchment behaviour takes place in a critical period
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Bowlby says we only need one attatchment, and the one with the mother is the most important What is this idea called?
Monotropy
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Bowlby believed the childs relationship with the mum provides a what?
Internal Working model
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What is an internal working model?
a mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver that becomes a template for future relationships and allows individuals to predict, control and manipulate their environment.
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What did Hazan and Shaver conduct an experiment about to support internal working models?
They gave Ps a list of adjectives and asked them to choose the ones that best described their relationship with their mother as a child. They then gave them 3 paragraphs to read and asked them to choose which one best described them
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Who conducted the Strange Situation technique?
Mary Ainsworth
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What was the basic concept of the Strange Situation?
A stranger would enter a room with a mother and child, interacting with them both. The mother left and the stranger tries to interact with the infant. The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves and this continues
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What were the behavioural catergories which the infant were assessed against?
Exploration. Seperation technique. Stranger anxiety. Reunion behaviour. Proximity seeking
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What are the 3 attatchment patterns?
Secure, Insecure-avoidant, Insecure-Resistant
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What will a secure infant show?
The infant will be distressed when the mother leaves but is easily comforted when she comes back. The child prefers mother to stranger
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What will an insecure-avoidant infant show?
The infant is not particularly affected and doesn't seek proximity to the mother showing no preference
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What will an insecure-Resistant infant show?
The infant is distressed when mother leaves but is not easily comforted on her return and is angry with her
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For each attatchment category state whether the infant has a willingness to explore
SECURE- Yes but using mum as a secure base. AVOIDANT- Yes. RESISTANT- No and is clingy to mum
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For each attatchment category state whether the infant has stranger anxiety
SECURE-Yes. AVOIDANT- No and shows no preference to mum over stranger. RESISTANT- Yes
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For each attatchment category state whether the infant has seperation anxiety
SECURE- Yes. AVOIDANT- No. RESISTANT- Yes
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For each attatchment category state whether the infant has reunion behaviour
SECURE- Easily comforted. AVOIDANT- Doesn't seek proximity. RESISTANT- Not easily comforted and angry
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How many infants showed a secure attatchment?
70%
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How many infants showed an avoidant attatchment?
20-25%
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How many children showed a resistant attatchment?
5-10%
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What was Mary Ainsworth technique and example of?
A controlled observation that is lab based
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What did Ainsworth say was a crucial factor for attatchment?
SHe said mother's sensitivity is the crucial factor that determines the type of attatchment. If a mother is sensitive and responsive to the childs needs they will have a secure attatchment whihc is the idea of maternal sensitivity
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Why was the idea of maternal sensitivity critised and who was it critised by?
The idea was criticised by temperament hypothesis which was created by Thomas and Chess. They identified 3 basic infant personality types which suggests that attatchment type is down to the personality of the child
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What were the 3 basic infant personality types?
Easy, Slow-warm, Difficult
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Define Imposed etic
A theory/concept rooted in 1 culture is used for others
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Define Cultural relativism
Behaviour can only be understood with specific cultural contexts
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Define ethnocentricism
Judging other cultures by the standards of your own culture
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Define cuture
Learned, shared, beliefs, values, norms and expected ways of behaving among members of society
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Why does Japan show a high proportion of insecure resistant infants in the strange situation ?
Because in Janpanses culture, infants are never left alone so as a result are more likely to be distressed when left alone. This shows the strange situation cannot be applied to all cultures
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What was Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?
He throught the failure to form attatchments or the loss of a parent would have catastrophic consequences for the child
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How did Bowlby test his thepry of maternal deprivation?
He studied 44 juvenile deliquents and found that they were more liely to have lost contact with their mothers during the critical period, than children who were not juvenile
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What did he conclude from his experiment?
That a failure to form attatchments in early childhood resulted in affectionless psychopathy and devlopmental retardation because he sound that 14 of the deliquents were affesctionless psychopaths with 12 of the boys having had prolonged seperation
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What is counter evidence for Bowlbys theory?
Hilda Lewis partially replicated the 44 thieves study n a larger scale, looking at 500 young people. In her sample a history of prolonged seperation from the monther did not predict criminality/difficulty forming relationships
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What are the 2 effects of development?
Intellectual development and Emotional development
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What is Intellectual development?
Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would suffer delayed intellectual development and be characterised by abnormally low IQ
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What is an example of intellectual development suffering?
Goldfarb found lower IQ in children who had remained in institutions as opposed to those who were fostered so had a higher standard of emotional care
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What is emotional development?
Bowlby identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others. This prevents the person developing normal realtionships and is associated with criminality.
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Define privation
Never forming attatchments
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Give an example of privation
Extreme meglect from an early age. Being adopted from birth
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Define deprivation
Having an attatchment fiure and then loosing it
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Give an exmaple of deprivation
If you had a mum but then lost her in early childhood because she left the family, went to prison or died
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What is institutionalisation?
Used to describe the effect of living in a institutional setting referring to a place like a hospital where children live for long, continuous periods of time
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What are the effects of institutionalisation?
Disinhibited attatchment and mental retardation
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What is disinhibited attatchment?
A typical effect of spending time in an institution. They are equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well or are strangers they have just met.
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What is mental retardation?
In Rutters study most children showed signs of retardation when they arrived in britain. However most of these adopted before they were 6 months. It appears that like emotional development, damage to intellectual development can be recovered b4 6mon
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What are interviews. Give and advantage and disadvantage
Involves direct verbal questioning of the P by the researcher It is a useful way of generating a large amount of detailed data however this relys on self report which can be affected by social desirability
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What is a questionnaire. Give an advantage and disadvantage
Written methods of gaining data. It collects large amounts of standardised data quickly however can be affected by social desirability and response bias
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What is a case study? Give an advantage and disadvantage
In depth detailed study of an individual taking place in long/short term where cases are unsual or rare. It is highly detailed and rich in depth data however isnt possible to generalise the results and is impossible to replicate
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What are correlations? Give an advantage and disadvantage
The measurement of a relationships between 2/more. One varibale increases the other decreases. It studys a realtionships without subjecting Ps however cannot establish cause and effect
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

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This method has high ecological validity as they can study the Ps real behaviour however it cannot infer cause and effect as well as a lack of control making replication difficult

Card 3

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What is a controlled observation?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What is an advantage and disadvantage of controlled observations?

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Card 5

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What is event sampling?

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