Attachment

  • Maccoby
  • Learning Theory
  • Conditioning & reinforcement
  • Shaffer & Emerson
  • Harlow, Skinner, Pavlov
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Lorenz
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  • Created by: Ellie
  • Created on: 02-01-15 19:06
Name the 4 behaviours which Maccoby (1980) says define attachment
seeking proximity, distress on separation, joy on reunion & General orientation of behaviour.
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Define attachment
An emotional and reciprocal bond shared between 2 people
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Who came up with the Learning theory
Shaffer & Emerson
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According to the learning theory how do attachments form
operant and classical conditioning
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learning by association is what type of attachment?
classical
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What is operant conditioning?
learning by reinforcement
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rewarded behaviour is usually what type of reinforcement?
positive
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Behaviour that stops something unpleasant happening is what type of reinforcement?
negative
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Name three studies that provides evidence for the learning theory
Harlow's Monkey's, Skinner's Rats, Shaffer & Emerson.
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wanting to be near each other and & spend time together is what type of attachment behaviour?
seeking proximity
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Outline what distress on separation is in regards to behavioural characteristics of an attachment
being upset when you leave the individual
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What does joy on reunion mean?
being happy to see the attachment figure again
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What does general orientation of behaviour refer too?
the constant want to be with or involved in the other persons life.
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Shaffer & Emerson conducted what kind of study?
longitudinal
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What is stranger anxiety?
unhappiness when separated from a certain person
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according to Shaffer & Emerson what age do infants develop a preferance for a single attachemnt figure?
7 months
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What is it called when a baby forms a bond with a person who is responding to their signals?
sensitive responsiveness
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name the phase of classical conditioning (before, during, after) where there is an unconditional stimulus and an unconditional response
before conditioning
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what happens during conditioning?
Neutral stimulus + Unconditional stimulus = Unconditioned response
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The conditioned stimulus and conditioned response are created at what stage of classical conditioning
After conditioning
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Name an experiment which illustrates how classical conditioning works
pavlovs dogs
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Name an experiment associated with operant conditioning
Skinner's Rats
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Name an experiment which disproved the learning theory
Harlow's Monkey
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Name the 7 concepts which make up the evolutionary theory
monotropy, adaptive & Innate, secure base, continuity hypothesis, internal working model, imprinting, sensitive period & social releases.
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What did Bowlby mean by adaptive and innate
the need to form an attachment which we are born with in order to survive
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Name a peice of evidence which provides evidene for the adaptive & Innate concept
Lorenz Geese
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What did Lorenz Geese focus on?
imprinting
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Attachments must occur in what period?
the sensitive period
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what encourages a care giver to attach to a child?
social releasers
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what is a secure base?
a necessary part of attachment that provides a comfortable environment for the infant.
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what does monotropy suggest
that one attachment is more important than all others
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Name a peice of evidence which supports Monotropy
Shaffer & Emerson
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What does the Internal working model do
provide a base for all further relationships
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what does the continuity hypothesis suggest?
that all future attachments will be similar to the first ones we form.
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Name a peice of evidence for the sensitive period
Klaus & Kennel
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The internal working model is supported by what evidence?
Hazen & Shaver's love quiz
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Who came up with the strange situation?
Ainsworth
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name the first 4 stages of ainsworths study
1) mother and infant enter, infant plays. 2) Stranger enters and talks to mother 3) Stranger tries to interact with baby 4)mother leaves and stranger offers comfort if needed.
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name stages 5-8 of ainsworths study
5) mother returns stranger leaves 6) mother leaves baby alone 7) stranger returns and offers comfort if needed 8) mother returns stranger leaves
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Name the three types of atatchemnt according to ainsworth
secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant.
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name the 4th attachemnt type outlined by main & solomon
Insecure disorganised
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What is the temperament hypothesis
innate characteristics a baby is born with
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what is the sensitivity hypothesis
where the sensitivity and responsiveness of the mother determines the type of attachment formed.
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What is the aim of ainsworths study?
to look at different attachment types
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What type of observation did Ainsworth use?
controlled
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Name the 3 participants in Ainsworths study
baby mother stranger
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Ainsworth assessed the quality of attachment on the childs reponse to specific episodes which were
separation anxiety, reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety
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how would a securely attached baby act during separation anxiety?
distressed e.g crying
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how would a securely attached baby act during stranger anxiety?
Avoidant of stranger when alone but friendly when mother was present
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how would a securely attached baby act during reunion with mother?
Positive and happy when mother returns
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how would a Insecure resistant attached baby act during separation anxiety?
Infant is seriously distressed
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how would a Insecure resistant attached baby act when around the stranger?
Infant avoids stranger and is scared of them
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how would a Insecure resistant attached baby act during reunion with the mother?
child approaches mother but resists contact and may push away
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how would a Insecure avoidant attached baby act during separation anxiety?
Infant isn't distressed
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how would a Insecure avoidant attached baby act around the stranger?
infant is OK with the stranger & plays normally when teh stranger is present
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how would a Insecure avoidant attached baby act when reunited with their mother?
baby shows little interest when mother returns
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Type B attachment is what?
Secure
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Type A attachment is what?
Insecure Avoidant
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Type C attachment is what?
Insecure resistant
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name the 5 factors that can effect what type of attachment is formed
the parents response to needs, genetics/upbringing, other attachment, background, siblings
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an insensitive mother is likely to have what type of attachment to their baby?
Insecure
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a sensitive mother is likely to have what type of attachment to their baby?
secure
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who argued that the innate characteristics we have determines our attachment type?
Kagan 1982
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Name 2 ethical issues of Ainsworths **
puts the baby in distress & doesn't protect participants
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What is a temperament?
inherited aspects of characteristics (e.g Anger like the dad or kind like the mother etc)
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Card 2

Front

Define attachment

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An emotional and reciprocal bond shared between 2 people

Card 3

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Who came up with the Learning theory

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Card 4

Front

According to the learning theory how do attachments form

Back

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Card 5

Front

learning by association is what type of attachment?

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