Attachment

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What is attachment?
An enduring emotional tie that develops between the infant and other significant people
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What does an emotional bond between infant and caregiver provide?
A basis for later psychological development and adjustment
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What is the first function of an attachment?
They are selective ie. they are focused on specific individuals who elicit attachment behaviour in a manner and to an extent that is not found in interaction with other people
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What does an attachment involve?
Physical proximity seeking: i.e. an effort is made to maintain closeness to the object of attachment
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What do they provide?
Comfort and security, these being the result of achieving proximity
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What do attachments produce?
Separation upset when the tie is severed and proximity cant be obtained
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What is the first stage of attachment?
Preattachment, o-2 months
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What are the principle features?
Indiscriminate social responsiveness
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What is the second stage of attachment?
Attachment in the making, 2-7 months
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What are the principle features?
Learning the basic rules of interaction
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What is the third phase of attachment?
Clear cut attachment, 7-24 months
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What are the principle features?
Separation protest, wariness of strangers, intentional communication
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What is the last phase?
Goal corrected partnership, 24 on
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What is the principle features of this phase?
Relationships more two sided children understand parents needs
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What is the consequences of separation?
Failure to smile at face, failure to respond to a 'coo', poor appetite, failure to gain weight, low IQ and bad sleep
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What is pre bowlby?
Parent viewed as a secondary reinforcement (behaviourism)
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What is there?
A critical period for attachment
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What is this linked with?
Object permanence, monotropy
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What can occur due to result from maternal deprivation
Delinquency
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What did Meins create?
The strange situation
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What can be seen as a result of the second reunion?
SEcure attachment
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What is this?
Child explores the room, upset by mother's departure; welcomes her return
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What is insecure attachment/resistant?
Clingy; upset by departre; approaches for comfort, but resists it when offered
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What is insecure attachment/avoidant?
aloof with mother when in room; fail to greet her on return
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What is disorganised/disorientated attachment?
behaves in contradictory way; no system of coping with stress; baby seems to want comfort from mother but also feels wary of her
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What is the balance in a securely attached child?
Equal balance between attachment and exploration
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What is the balance in a insecure resistant attachment?
A higher attachment than exploration
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What is an insecure avoidant attachment?
Less of an attachment to mum and more to environment
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What is the percentage of attachment in USA?
Secure:67%, insecure/avoidant: 20%, Insecure/resistant:10%, insecure/disorganised:negligible
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What is the percentages of attachment in germany?
SEcure:35%, insecure/avoidant:52%, insecure resistant:10%, insecure disorganised:negligible
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What is the first rule of the internal working model?
Internal working models are mental representations that are not just ‘pictures’ of the other person and the relationship; they also refer to the feelings aroused by the relationship.
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Once formed the model exsists where?
outside consciousness
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What is development shaped by?
child’s proximity-seeking experiences and how these are met
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What do the basic differences in nature of working models exist between?
individuals whose proximity-seeking attempts in infancy were consistently accepted and those whose proximity seeking was blocked or inconsistently accepted
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In course development, working models become what?
stable but are by no means impervious to the influence of further relationship experiences.
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What is the function of these models?
provide rules for the individual to guide both behaviour and feeling in relation to significant others. They make it possible to forecast and interpret the other person’s behaviour and so plan one’s own behaviour in response
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What is the first stage of the adult attachment interview?
Autonomous. Coherent, well balanced account of childhood. Relationships are valued and assessed objectively.
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What is the second stage?
Dismissing. Deny importance of attachment relationships. Claim to be unable to remember much about childhood or give an idealised account of childhood.
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What is the third attachment interview?
Preoccupied. Unable to move on. Still overinvolved with issues relating to early attachment
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What is the fourth attachment interview
Unresolved. Not able to resolve feelings relating to an early difficulty with attachment, perhaps arising from divorce of death of a caregiver.
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What is the first consequence of different patterns of attachment?
Belsky et al (1996). Three-yr-olds watched a puppet show and then recalled what the show was about. Securely attached tended to remember positive events while insecurely attached tended to remember negative events.
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What is the second consequence of different patterns of attachment?
Fonagy et al (1991). Those identified as ‘dismissive’ in the Adult Attachment Interview tended to have children who were insecure– avoidant; Those identified as ‘preoccupied’ tended to have children who were insecure – resistant.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does an emotional bond between infant and caregiver provide?

Back

A basis for later psychological development and adjustment

Card 3

Front

What is the first function of an attachment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does an attachment involve?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do they provide?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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