Attachment - notes

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what is the acronym for the characteristics of attachment?
SODP
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what are the four characteristics of attachment?
1. seek proximity to caregiver 2. orientates behavior towards care giver 3. distress when separated 4. pleasure when reunited
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What is the definition of attachment?
An enduring, two-way, emotional tie to a specific other person
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what are the five caregiver interactions?
1. bodily contact 2. mimicking 3. caregiverese 4. interactional synchrony 5. reciprocity
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what is interactional synchrony?
mother and infant reflect actions and act in a similar way
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what is reciprocity?
mother and infant respond to each other by taking turns.
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what is a study that demonstrates caregiver interactions?
Meltzoff and Moore.
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what were the conclusions of meltzoff and moore?
the ability to imitate is an important building block for later social development
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what were the findings of meltzoff and moore
babies that are aged 12-27 can imitate both facial expressions and manual gestures
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evaluate the findings of meltzoff and moore?
1. it is hard to know what is going on when observing infants 2. controlled observations capture fine detail 3. observations dont tell us the purpose of interactional synchrony and reciprocity
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what are the four stages of attachment by schaffer?
1. asocial 2. indiscriminate attachment 3. discriminate attachments 4. multiple attachments
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what is the asocial stage of attachment?
smile at anyone and recognize faces
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what is the indiscriminate stage of attachment?
recognise and prefer familiar people, accept comfort form any adult
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what is the discriminate stage of attachment?
show separation anxiety, use familiar adults as a secure base
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what is the multiple attachment stage of attachment?
infants can form secondary attachments with other adults eg father
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what is a study that shows attachment?
emerson and schaffer
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what are the findings of emerson and schaffer?
attachment is made with those who are responsive to their needs
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what are the positives of schaffers experiment?
1. good external validity as they are conducted in their own homes 2. longitudinal design, same children are followed up
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what are the negatives of schaffers experiment?
1. problems studying asocial stage as babies are not very mobile 2. conflicting evidence on multiple attachments
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what 4 factors affect the relationship between father and children
1. degree of sensitivity 2. types of attachment with own parents 3. marital intimacy 4. supportive co-parent
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what is the role of the father in attachment?
Geiger show the father as playmates as they have less sensitive responsiveness
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what are the findings of Lorenz?
imprintin in animals is a form of attachment that is shown by specific birds. the animals keep in close proximity to the first large moving object
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what are the advantages of lorenz study?
1. imprinting is permanent 2. imprinting is genetic 3. can lead to a paradigm shift, suggesting that attachment occurs during a critical period
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what are the disadvantages of lorenz study?
1. difficult to extrapolate to humans 2. humans may form attachments differently 3. unethical as you are taking them out of their natural environment
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what are the findings of Harlows study?
monkeys prefer the cloth mother when given a choice. when distressed, the monkeys cling to the soft mother
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what are the advantages of lorenz study?
1. difficult to extrapolate to humans 2. humans may form attachments differently 3. unethical as you are taking them out of their natural environment
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what are the disadvantages of lorenz study?
1. unethical to separate baby from mother 2. hard to generalise results to humans
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what are the advantages of studying attachment in animals?
1. can give us insight into attachment processes 2. tend to be conducted under tightly controlled conditions
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what are the disadvantages of studying attachment in animals?
1. lab conditions are very different to natural environment 2. ethically challenging as you remove young form their primary care giver
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what are two explanations of attachment?
learning theory and bowlbys monotropic theory
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what is the learning theory of attachment?
infants learn by classical and operant conditioning
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what is bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment?
this theory suggests that infants form and attachment to one person
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what is the critical period?
the time where attachment must occur, if this does not happen then no attachment can occur
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what is the internal working model?
this is a template for future relationships that is based on a childs type of attachment
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what were the findings of the strange situation?
the most common attachment type is secure.
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what causes cultural variations in attachment?
1. environment 2. traditions 3. beliefs about children
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positives of meta analysis?
1. saves time a money 2. can obtain vast sample size 3. gives general overivew
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negatives of meta analyis?
1. secondary data 2. no knowledge of how data is collected 3. redundant data may be gathered
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what is bowlblys theory of maternal deprivation?
this demonstates the effects of being separated from their caregiver
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what are the three types of disruption?
short-term separation, long-term separation and privation
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what is short term separation?
this is brief, temporary separations from attachment figures e.g. babysitters
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what are the three distressers in short-term deprivation?
protest, despair and detachment
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what is long-term separation?
this is long term separation from figures e.g. divorce
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what is privation?
this is where children never form an attachment bond with a partent
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what is institutionalisation?
a mixture of deprivation and privation.these childrem cam show disinhibted attachment
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what is the case study to demonstrate institutionalisation?
romanian orphan studies
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what were the results of the study?
50 per cent of the orphans had reduced cognitive function
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what were the conclusions of the study?
the negative effects of institutionalisation can be overcome by sensitive care
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what is the effect of childhood relationships on adult relationships
children who form attachments early on with each other, tend not to form adult relationships
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what is the effect of adult relationships?
there may be continuity between parents and their children. children may adopt the parenting styles of their parents.
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Card 2

Front

what are the four characteristics of attachment?

Back

1. seek proximity to caregiver 2. orientates behavior towards care giver 3. distress when separated 4. pleasure when reunited

Card 3

Front

What is the definition of attachment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the five caregiver interactions?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is interactional synchrony?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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