Attachment

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What is an attachment?
an enduring, two way, emotional tie to a specific other person
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How can attachment be associated with proximity?
people try to stay near or close to whom they are attached
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What is separation anxiety?
Distress when an attachment figure leaves
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What is secure-base behaviour?
even when independent, we still keep regular contact with our attachment figure
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What is communication like between a caregiver and an infant?
rich and complex
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How does an infant make thier caregiver aware that they want interaction?
Babies have periodic alert phases, and signal they want attention. Mothers will pick up on these signals and will respond 2/3 times
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What is reciprocation to interaction?
eliciting a response
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What is international synchrony?
2 people carry out the same action at the same time, the timings of the action are the same. e.g smiling at the same time
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What did Crossman say about parents behaviour and its relation to the attachment?
Suggested fathers attachment is less important than a child's quality of play, because a fathers role i less to do with nurturing
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Who did Scahffer and Emerson suggest are an infants primary and secondary attachments?
Primary is the mother. Secondary is other family members. 75% have formed attachment with father by 18 months
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How does Schaffer and Emerson say attachment is measured?
If infant protests when figure walked away
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What did Field suggest about they key to attachment?
Primary father caregivers can be just as nurturing. Key to attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness, not gender of parent
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What evaluation can be used to criticise Crossman, Field and Schaffer & Emerson?
Observations do not tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity, they only describe behaviours occurring at the same time
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What is a positive of all Crossman, Field and Schaffer & Emerson stuidies?
Controlled observations capture fine details of the behaviours that can be analysed, which suggests the research has good validity
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How is Scahffer and Emersons study externally valid?
Naturalistic observation - studied behaviour in the environment it was most likely to naturally occur. Studied them in their home, in their normal routine. Researchers were not present at the time, meaning babies behaviour was more natural
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How is Schaffer and Emersons study considered to be longitudinal?
same children used over 18 months, eliminating individual differences as a confounding variable - increases internal validity
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What can be evaluated about the sample in S&E study?
all from Glasgow and w/c- cultural bias and social class bias. Limited sample and can only be generalised to people in those kind of families. Different cultures have different child rearing practises. Therefore results cannot apply to all people
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Where can operant conditioning link to attachment?
Crying results in pos reinforcement - caregiver facilitates crying by giving food. Hunger results in neg reinforcement - caregivers remove negative feeling(hunger) therefore caregiver becomes a source of reinforcement
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How does the caregiver also receive negative reinforcement?
caregiver feeds child to stop them crying. Therefore behaviour of 'caring' removes the negative stimuli (crying). So behaviour is being reinforced, thus strengthening the attachment.
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What did Harlow test in his rsearch?
Learning theory - FOOD OR COMFORT
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What did Harlow conclude about his research?
The prioritised comfort over food
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How can Harlow be used to evaluate the learning theory?
Criticises the learning theory - opposite conclusions
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Is Harlow's study generalisable?
difficult to generalise to humans, there is no evidence to suggest humans would act in the same way as rhesus monkeys
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Whys is Harlow's study unethical?
During the study they monkeys were psychologically harmed and frightened by a loud noise, causing them severe stress
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What is Impriniting?
a young animal comes to recognise another animal, person or object as a parent or other object of habitial trust.
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What did Lorenz study?
Studied ducks and noticed how a duckling transferred its affection to him
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How does Guiton criticise Lorenz?
Guiton studied chickens that had imprinted on washing up gloves, they would try to mate with the gloves, but later realised they preferred mating with other chickens.
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Why can Lorenz's study be said to not accurately study imprinting?
He removed the chick from their natural habitats, which may have influenced their behaviour
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What did Bowlby suggest?
That attachment is an innate system that ave a survival advantage
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What is Bowlbys monotrophic theory?
refers to a child's attachment to one particular caregiver, and Bowlby believed this attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others - MOTHER. More time spent with mum, the better
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What are the two laws that Bowlby uses to support his ideas?
Law of continuity, law of accumulated seperation
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What is the law of continuity?
the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better the quality of their attachment
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What is the law of accumulated separation?
the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest dose is a zero dose
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Why does Bowlby think attachment is a reciprocal process?
because both mother and child have an innate predisposition to get an attachment
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What is the critical period of an attachment?
2 years
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What are social releasers?
cute behaviours of infants that trigger the mums attachment process
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What is Bowlbys internal working model?
the cild forms a mental representation of their relationship with their primary caregiver - this is called an internal working model. This is an unconscious process
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What is a weakness of bowlbys theory of attachment?
Rutter suggests privation is more detrimental to the forming of na attachment than maternal deprivation,
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What doesnt bowlby consider in his research?
the role of the father, and the influence that the father can have on the formation of an attachment
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What is an secure attachment?
Will explore happily but regularly go back to carer (proximity seeking and secure-base behaviour). Show separation and stranger anxiety. Require and will accept comfort upon reunion
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What is an insecure-avoidant attachment?
Infants seek greater proximity and will explore less. Show huge stranger and separation anxiety, but resist comfort when reunited with caregiver.
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What is a insecure-resistant attachment?
Will explore freely but don't show need for close proximity, don't show secure-base behaviour. Show little separation and stranger anxiety. Require little comfort upon reunion
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What is meant by Proximity Seeking?
an infant with a good attachment will stay close to their caregiver
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What is meant by Exploration and Secure-Base behaviour?
If an infant has a good attachment they will feel comfortable to explore but use their caregiver as a point of contact to feel safe
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What is meant by Stranger Anxiety?
Becoming anxious when a stranger approaches is a sign of attachment
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What is meant by Separation Anxiety?
Protest when the caregiver leaves
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What is meant by Response to Reunion?
With the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions
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What is a cultural variation?
differences between the norms and values that exist between people in different groups
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What did Bowlby study before his Monotrophic Theory?
maternal deprivation
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What is the definition of deprivation, in the context of child development?
The loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver
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What was Bowlbys study into maternal deprivation?
44 Juvenile thieves
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How did Bowlbys perception of the critical period change?
He believed separation would only impact development up to 2 years and that it would leave the child emotionally disturbed. He says if there isn't a mother-substitye available to provide care, then theres a continuing his of up to 5 years
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What is Affectionless Psychopathy?
An inability to show affection or concern for others. Acting upon impulse and having little regard for consequences
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What are examples of short term consequences of deprivation?
stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, stress, sad, isolated/shy, misbehaving
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What are examples of long term consequences of deprivation?
difficulty forming relationships, delinquency (antisocial behaviour), reduced intelligence, increased aggression, depression, affectionless psychopathy
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What is privation?
concerns children who have never formed an attachment bond
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What is institutionalisation?
the effect of living in and being raised in an institutional setting, e.g prison or mental care units
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What would Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation predict about institutional care?
That institutional care will have a permanent and irreversible effect on the psychological wellbeing of children
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What is disinhibited attachment?
symptoms of this attachment type include; attention seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar and unfamiliar. For example, hugging and showing affection to a stranger
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Who studied the effects of institutionalisation?
Rutter
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How did Rutter study the effects of institutionalisation?
The English and Russian Adoptee Study
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What is the Internal Working Model?
Mental representation you have of relationships, formed from your primary attachment acquired during critical period. e.g Poor upbringing and weak attachments result in difficulty with future relationships
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Outline the association between attachment type and the quality of peer relationships in childhood
Securely attached infants go on to form the best quality friendships, whilst insecurely attached infants will struggle.
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What did Myron-Wilson & Smith find from their questionnaire of 196 children aged 7-11 in London?
Insecure-Avoidant infants are most likely to be bullied, whilst insecure-resistant infants are more likely to be the bullies
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How can attachment be associated with proximity?

Back

people try to stay near or close to whom they are attached

Card 3

Front

What is separation anxiety?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is secure-base behaviour?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is communication like between a caregiver and an infant?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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