the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
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electron shielding
the repulsion between electrons in different inner shells. it reduces the net attractive force from the positive nucleus on the outer-shell electrons.
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successive ionisation energies
a measure of the energy required to remove each electron in turn.
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shell
a group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number, also known as a main energy level.
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atomic orbital
a region within an atom that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins.
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sub-shell
a group of the same type of atomic orbitals (s, p, d or f) within a shell.
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electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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compound
a substance formed from two or more chemically bonded elements in a fixed ratio, usually shown by a chemical formula.
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ionic bond
the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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giant ionic lattice
a three-dimensional structure of oppositely charged ions, held together by strong ionic bonds.
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group
a vertical column in the periodic table. elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and their atoms have the same number of outer-shell electrons.
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covalent bond
a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons.
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lone pair
an outer-shell pair of electrons that is not involved in chemical bonding.
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electronegativity
a measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.
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permanent dipole
a small charge difference across a bond that results from a difference in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms.
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polar covalent bond
has a permanent dipole
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polar molecule
has an overall dipole, when you take into account any dipoles across the bonds.
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intermolecular force
an attractive force between neighbouring molecules.
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permanent dipole-dipole force
a weak attractive force between permanent dipoles in neighbouring polar molecules.
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van der waal's forces
attractive forces between induced dipoles in neighbouring molecules.
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hydrogen bond
a strong dipole-dipole attraction between an electron-deficient hydrogen atom on one molecule, and a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom (nitrogen or oxygen) on a different molecule.
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metallic bonding
the electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.
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delocalised electrons
shared between more than two atoms.
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giant metallic lattice
a three-dimensional structure of positive ions and delocalised electrons, bonded together by strong metallic bonds.
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simple molecular lattice
a three-dimensional structure of molecules, bonded together by weak intermolecular forces.
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giant covalent lattice
a three-dimensional structure of atoms, bonded together by strong covalent bonds.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the repulsion between electrons in different inner shells. it reduces the net attractive force from the positive nucleus on the outer-shell electrons.
Back
electron shielding
Card 3
Front
a measure of the energy required to remove each electron in turn.
Back
Card 4
Front
a group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number, also known as a main energy level.
Back
Card 5
Front
a region within an atom that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins.
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