the ozone layer is 'proof of the mighty creator's forethought'
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Richard Swinburne
universe is finely tuned for humans
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John Polkinghorne
any slight difference and we may not be here
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William Paley's watch analogy
design qua purpose, so intricate must have a designer
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William Paley's eye analogy
(first argument), design qua purpose, 'the lacteal system is a constant wonder'
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Aquinas' Five Ways
design qua regularity, everything is directed toward an end, given purpose by an external power
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William Paley's second argument
design qua regularity, solar system must have been ordered to orbit in such a way
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Pierre Laplace
god of the gaps
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David Hume: Challenges for design
humans do not have sufficient knowledge to conclude there is only one designer, universe is more like a vegetable than a machine, god transcends human understanding so human terms are not acceptable
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David Hume: Challenges from design
even is the world is designed we do not know its god, epicurean hypothesis can make us believe the world is designed when it was random chance
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David Hume
the world is 'very faulty and imperfect' so the almighty god could not have created it
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John Steward Mill
highlights the problem of evil
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Richard Dawkins
natural selection brings about the appearance of design, so we are merely DNA carriers
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Anthropic Principle
John Polkinghorne believes that god set the
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Aesthetic Principle
beauty is everywhere in the world but is not vital so natural selection couldn't have been the only factor
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F. R. Tennant
anthropic principle: world can be analysed in a rational manner, inorganic world has provided basic needs for life & progress of evolution
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A reformulation from temporal order
Swinburne says that the world is too complex to not be designed
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A reformulation from spatial order
Swinburne says that in order for natural selection the conditions must have been just right
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Immanuel Kant
Universe may be chaotic, our minds may just order it to appear designed
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