Art, Drama and Literature in Ancient Greece

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 28-12-16 16:28
In the Mycenaean period, where did most of the art and architecture get its influence from?
From the Minoan culture which was influenced by civilisations of the Near East, and especially Egypt
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What are three examples of Mycenaean palaces?
Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos,
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What archaeologist excavated Mycenae when and where?
Heinrich Schliemann, -1871, -Hisarik,
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What did Schliemann believe he found there?
He believed he found the real 'Troy',
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What did he find at Mycenae?
He found gold, 'The Jewels of Helen', and Priam's Treasure,
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What art form was traded with who?
Pottery was traded in Cyprus, Athens and Rhodes,
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For literature, what was found to show people begin to write texts?
Linear B tablets, which was a script for the Mycenaeans,
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Is there any other texts surviving from the period?
No literature survives from this period, most are straightforward, such as accounting,
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However, at the collapse of the Mycenaean period, what happens to pottery?
Pottery becomes simpler, with poorer quality pottery and geometric shames,
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In the Dark Ages, What is the name of the painters of the 10th century and did they change the style of pottery from the Mycenaean's?
Protogeometric potters and painters, -They were still very conservative and didn't innovate or experiment much, but they continue to refine and perfect their skills,
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What does the late Protogeometric style evolve into? Is this a swift action?
Geometric style, -There is no dramatic break with tradition and the old style continued for some time,
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What years class as the early geometric period and what is the new techniques and designs?
900-850, -lines were more linear and angular, such as the meander patterns, zigzags, triangles and cross hatching,
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What years class as the middle geometric period and what is the transition of style?
850-750, -Growing demand of increasingly elaborate designs, the vases become larger and more ambitious,
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What was the artistic change on the vases in the early 8th century?
The early 8th century began to depict living creatures, reviving the motif that had disappeared after 1200,
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When did human figures begin to appear on vases?
760-750
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When was the late geometric period and what was the change in style?
-750-700, -The reappearance of groups scenes that told a kind of story, such as battles, as well as depictions of scenes from Greek legends,
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What was the change in architectural buildings in the 8th century?
The "signature" Greek architectural form, earliest examples were small with mud-brick, wooden columns and thatched roof,
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For literature, what alphabet was borrowed and from who?
Semitic alphabet of the Phoenicians,
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How does this differ to the Mycenaean period?
The same language is still used e.g. Greek, but it is no longer written in Linear B, as the semitic script has no vowels,
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When did writing spread everywhere and how fast was it picked up and learned?
-850s, -Quickly,
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What is unknown about this spread of the script?
it is unknown who brought the script into Greece and how no one knows why or how the writing spread, or how everyone picked up the alphabet so quickly,
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What is one explanation about the ability to write with this alphabet earlier?
One argument is that they had been writing with this alphabet for a long time, but wrote only on perishable things, but unlikely as in the previous age they wrote on pottery that left marks,
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What was the first piece of writing found on and where did it originate from? How does this relate to Greece?
Nestor's cup, -From Ischia, off the coast of Italy, -One of the earliest colonies which came out of Greece,
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On the cup, how is the writing the Semitic way and not in the Greek way?
As the writing on the cup goes from right to left, which is the Semitic way of writing unlike the Greeks who usually write from left to right,
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What are other sources/ writing from the Dark Ages?
-Law codes e.g. Gortyn on Crete, -Olympian winners, -Athenian magistrate lists, -Epic poetry e.g. Homer, -Emotional poetry e.g. Lyric, Elegiac, Iambic
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What does the flexibility of the Semitic alphabet allow?
It is flexible enough for all the different dialects across Greece and Europe- This means people don't just write simple things but also fiction, literatures etc.
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What two writers begin writing from around early 7th century BC?
-Hesoid, -Homer
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What are the two poems written in his name?
Theogony and Works and Days
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What is Theogony about and what is the style of writing?
It is a list of Gods and their origins, -Badly written, dull and repetitive,
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What is Works and Days about and what is the style of writing like?
Advice about farming and estate-management to his brother, -Better written, stylish and interesting,
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Therefore, what is questionable about Hesoid and these two poems?
It is almost certain both weren't wirrten by the same person,
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What is questionable about Homer?
If he was a real person? Just a collection of Bards?
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When were his works actually written down?
550BCs
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What are the two poems credited to be written by Homer?
The Illiad and the Odyssey
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What is the Illiad about?
It is a poem about the Trojan War, particularly the Wrath of Achilles and the Death of Hector,
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What is the Odyssey about?
It is a poem about the return of Odysseus from the Trojan War,
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What is questionnable about Homer and these two poems and why?
Both may be written by different people as they were written 100 years apart, and they have different styles- The Odyssey is simpler and an adventure story whereas the Illiad has a better story line and better Greek,
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For Archaic Greece, what is the new art form found in archaeological discoveries?
Life size and larger sculptures in stone and bronze,
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Archaic art is believed by historians to be superior to that of which period?
The Classical period,
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What are the two types of statues that thrived in this period an what was their influence from?
-Kouros and Kore statues, -Influenced by the Egyptians after they began trading again,
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What was the Kouros' and Kore's purpose?
Kouros- Grave markers, Kore- Used for specific religious ceremonies and activities,
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Describe the appearance of the kore/ korai, or the female statues?
They are fully clothed, with their feet together, one arm down and the other holding an object with an open hand, -They have long hair and painted with necklaces and bracelets, -Emphasis on the buttocks,
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Who was the first Kore dedicated to?
Artemis,
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Describe how the Kouros appeared, or the male statues?
They were depicted nude to show heroism and depicted with one foot in front of the other, arms by their sides and their fists clenched,
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Under the leadership of tyrant Cypselus, which city emerged as the leading commercial centre of Greece? What was traded here?
Corinth, -Potters specialised in decorated perfume flasks, and invented a new technique called a 'black figure' which allowed minute details,
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However, what happened to this decoration? what was it replaced with in the 7th and 6th centuries?
It lost its authenticity on mass production, -Vase paintings most commonly depicted episodes from mythology and heroic sagas,
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In the later 6th century, what did vase imagery change to?
They depicted episodes from mythology and heroic sagas,
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What type of poetry emerged in the Archaic period and what was it like?
Lyric poetry - Emotional personal, humorous, touching,
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When is Lyric poetry meant to be used in Greek life?
They are meant to be sung at parties, in front of peers who have the same background as them and is meant to be fun,
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Give two examples of poets from Lesbos and what is their poetry about?
Alcaeus- Often seen as auto-biographical, but poetry has unknown characters, -Sappho- Suggested women had the same rights as men,
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Why is Sappho so significant?
As she is the only surviving record of female poets,
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In the early classical period, what is the new statue which gains its influence from the Kouros statue now get its influence from?
Aristodikoa Kourous, Persian wars and other Eastern styles,
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How has the appearance of the Kouros statue adapted?
The statue no longer has braided hair, his arms are moving upward slightly, and there is a better attempt at giving realism,
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In the 480s, what new statue is created?
The Kritian boy
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Describe the appearance of the Kritian boy?
It still follows from the Kouros- It has shorter hair, its face is more oval and longer, and there are also eye sockets, where glass eyes would be inserted, -Weight on a different left
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While in previous Kouros statues there is no distinction between men and boys, how is there here?
The skin is softer on the face and there is a lack of definition on the chest,
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What is the new statue that emerged from the influence of the Kore?
Euthydikos Kore
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Describe how the appearance of Euthydikos Kore has adapted?
It is the same shape but the hairstyle is different with a single braid and a new hairtop style, the chin is more prevalent and the nose more prominent, the arm appears to be moving upwards rather than stuck down at the side, more sexual in clothing,
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Give an example of a Euthydikos statue and describe how it is presented?
Angelitos Athena- Typical dress which goes down to the feet with a belt around, one arm is raised completely while the other beginning to be raised,
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In the Classical period, what is the new type of statue that emerges?
The Motya Youth
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How does the Motya Youth differ from previous statues?
The front knee is bent, hands resting on his hip, curls for his hair, and his outfit is very feminine and standing in a sexually alluring pose,
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What statues were found in a shipweck where?
-Riace warriors, -Southern Italy,
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Describe the appearance of the Riace warriors?
Standing in the contrapposto figure, -They would be holding shields and a sword, -The muscles are sculpted onto the body and realistically,
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Why is there debate around the Zeus/ Poseidon of Artemisium?
There is debate between the two due to the position of the statue- 'Poseidon' could be holding a lightening bolt rather than a poseidon,
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Describe the appearance of the Zeus/ Poseidon of Artemisium?
His feet are wide apart, and not in the common contrapposto position but open standing, and the statue has a beard,
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Who was famous for his work, the Canon and why else is he well known?
Polyclitus, -he wrote a book on how to create the best statues, the proportions of men and women, and how realistically portrayed they can be,
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What is the name of the prototype of how to sculpt a male body?
Doryphorus,
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Describe the appearance of the Doryphorus?
The original was made of bronze- It is designed to look like the perfect man, in a contrapposto pose, wight all on one leg, heroic nude and great detail on the muscular figure.
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Describe the facial features of the Doryphorus?
They have blank expressions- It is an idealised beauty rather than a real face- Cold,
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What is the name of the ideal young boy shape, ideally what age?
Discophrous, -16
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Describe the appearance of the Discophorus? Who is the prototype meant to be based on?
Younger due to his fluffy hair, muscular tone is less in the legs and chest, -Meant to be Achilles,
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What is the problem with the discoveries of the Discophorus prototypes?
THe bronze prototypes have disappeared- None have been discovered,
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What sculptor created what statue for people to practice on?
-Myron, -Discobolous
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Describe the appearance of discobolous?
It is a completely different body shape to show the body in movement and progression, arm out to throw the disc, crouching,
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What sculptor is responsible for some of the biggest most monumental sculptures of the period?
Phidias
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What statue did he create in Olympia and describe what is looks like?
Zeus, -43ft tall, made initially of bronze, which has pieces of ivory and gold placed upon it, and it would have been painted,
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However, what is the problem with this appearance?
it is based on the Roman copy which is much smaller- In 45AD, the statue was destroyed by Christians,
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What are the two statues based on Athena?
-Athena Parthenos, -Athena Promachos
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Describr Athena Parthenos?
41ft tall, made from bronze and covered in gold and ivory. The statue has a gold dress, 2,400 pounds worth,
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Describe the Athena Promachos?
43 miles from Greece, 41 ft tall,
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However, what is the problem with the descriptions of these two statues?
it is uncertain as both were destroyed by Christians
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For literature, what was the most common and influential form of literature at the time?
Tragedy
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Who are the three main tragedy play writers and how many plays survive from each?
Aeschylus- 7 plays, -Sophocles- 7 plays, -Europides- 18 plays
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What other genre of plays were also popular. However what is the problem with the records/
Comedy, -Far few surviving, and there are only fragments,
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Give two well known comedy play writers and how many plays survive from them?
Aristophanes- 11 plays, -Meander- 1 play
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Which city had a dedicated drama festival each year and what was performed?
Athens, -Comedies and tragedies,
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Give an example of a drama festival and what dramas were played?
-Great Dionysia, -Three tragedies and a satyr play from each of the three playwrights performed over three days,
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How long does the Dionysia go on for and what is played each day?
-5 days, -Comedy,
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How many actors would there be on stage?
Tehere would be three and they would all play many roles, sometimes used for effect,
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What other element did plays have to them other than visual?
Also vocal- There were choruses and actors singing lines, and music is missing from these plays,
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What playwriter liked to stop the play and discuss his own works and plays and why?
-Aristophanes, -He like to boast about the troubles his plays have caused on Cleon,
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For the Hellenistic period, how did court artists present sculptures now with what features?
They had wavy hair to depict the King or sculptee as a lion, showing link to Alexander, looking to the sky,
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Give two statues which were influenced by Alexander the Great's appearance?
Mithridates IV- The statue was considered to be him due to its likeness, -Attalus I- Has the same features of the turned neck, looking up to the sky but less wavy hair,
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For sculpting, what did the Hellenistic period see a combination of?
New and old
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What was 5th century sculpting in appearance?
An idealised figure of an unemotional youthful nude man- Heroic representation of Hellinisitic Kings continues,
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Describe the change in sculpting in the 4th century?
Production of small terracotta figures occurs- They were made in moulds in multiple copies and so relatively inexpensive,
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What two commissions are designed for a King or someone exceptionally rich and when were they made?
Laocoon and Odysseus, -2nd century BC,
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Describe how these two sculptures show a movement in sculpting?
It depicts new art with twisted body formats, with real shape to the body and the muscles moving in various ways, creating a sense of movement and faces have expression and realism,
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Other than statues, how else did the King show off his power and an example?
A palace- Cassander's Palace at Vergina was huge and sparked off a rivarly among the other Kings, and other built larger and larger palaces to rival one another and to show off their power,
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What King of Egypt created what Palace that involved the Nile?
Ptolemy IV of Egypt, -said to have built a floating palace which travelled up and down the Nile
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Where was there a growth in the beautification of cities?
Priene, Turkey,
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Who created what to allow Kings to show off their greatness with large stuctures? What is an example structure?
-Pergamum, -Pergamum alter, and mosaics from delos,
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What is another sculpture which played around with the body form in statues?
The barberini Faun,
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Where was it found?
In Rome on top of Hadrian's Mausoleum,
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What was different about this sculpture?
It was designed to be sexual, showing a difference from th classic period beign athletic to lounging about in a sexual form,
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What is another adaptation in art based on face sculpting?
Grotesques, -Many people began to try and recreate odd looking faces, comedy pieces showing there was much experimentation in the period,
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For literature, where were the first libraries created and by who?
In Athens by Ptolemy I
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In Alexandria, how many texts were contained there?
700,000 texts approximately .
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Why is there problems on the certainty of this?
There is little evidence of it- It was destroyed by Christians,
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In Alexandria, who was a highly influential poet of epigrams and hymns? What was his role in Alexandria?
Callimachus, -Head of Library in 270s,
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What was Theocritus a highly influential poet of and who did he work under the patronage of?
-Of bucolic idylls, -Ptolemy II,
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Who was the writer of what and was also head of the library in the 250s?
-Appollonius Rhodius, -Epic Argonautica,
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