“...all change is from what-is potentially to what-is actually, from being potentially white, say, to actually white. This is the reason why not only is there a coming-to be from what-is-not accidentally, but every case of coming-to-be is also from w
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Teleological description of nature.
“Does nothing in vain, nothing superfluous”
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Material Cause.
“That from which, <as a constituent> present in it, a thing comes to be … e.g., the bronze and silver, and their genera, are causes of the statue and the bowl.”
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Efficient Cause.
“The source of the primary principle of change or stability. The producer is a cause of the product, and the initiator of the change is a cause of what is changed.”
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Formal Cause.
“The form, i.e., the pattern … the form is the account of the essence … and the parts of the account.”
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Final Cause.
“something’s end (telos)—i.e., what it is for—is its cause, as health is <the cause> of walking.”
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The nature of the Prime Mover.
“But there is in fact something that moves without being itself moved, existing in activation, and this does not admit of being, in any way in another state"
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Definition of the Prime Mover.
“Something that moves without being itself moved”
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Bertrand Russell; Western Philosophical Thought (SECONDARY OPINION)
“There are, he says, three kinds of substances: those that are sensible and perishable, those that are sensible but not perishable, and those that are neither sensible nor perishable"
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Bertrand Russell (CRITICISM on Cause)
“The law of causality, I believe, like much that passes muster among philosophers, as a relic of a bygone age, surviving, like the monarchy, only because it is erroneously supposed to do no harm”
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Bertrand Russell (CRITICISM on infinite regression)
“’Who made me?’ cannot be answered because one will then ask the question ‘Who made the God who made me?’… If everything must have a cause, then cause must have a cause".
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Hume; Enquiry concerning human understanding (CRITICISM on metaphysics)
Does it contain reasoning containing quantity of number? No. Does it contain any experimental measuring, concerning matter of fact or existence? No. Commit it to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion”
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Brian Davies (SUPPORT on cause of the universe)
“If the universe was caused to come into being, it presumably could not have been cause to do so by anything material. For a material object would be part of the universe, and we are now asking about a cause distinct from the universe”
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Aquinas (SUPPORT on ex nihilio)
"...at some time there was nothing in existence. Now if this were true, even now there would be nothing in existence, because that which does not exist begins only to exist through something already existing"
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Stephen Law; The Great Philosophers (SECONDARY OPINION on Matter & Form)
"It is because of this particular swan possesses the form of the swan that explains why it has this sort of beak, those sorts of feathers, that sort of size,and so on."
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