AQA Unit 1 BIOLOGY

MICROVILLI

Folds in plasma membrane, increase SA, more efficient absorption

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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

Allows large substances (RNA) to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

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NUCLEOPLASM

jelly substance, contains chromatin and nucleolous

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CHROMATIN

DNA within the nucleoplasm

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NUCLEOLOUS

makes RNA, assembles ribosomes

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ROUGH ER

Ribosomes present on outer surface, provide large SA for synthesis of proteins. provides pathway for transport of materials

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SMOOTH ER

synthesise, transport, store lipids and carbs

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LYSOSOMES

Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down materials ingested by phagocytes. Digests warn organelles. Release enzymes to destroy material

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MITOCHONDRIA

Double membrane, outer controls entry/exit of materials. Inner folds into cristae

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CRISTAE

Provide large SA for attatchment of enzymes involved in respiration. `

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MATRIX

Allows mitochondria to control their own protein production

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GOLGI APPARATUS

Processes, packages new lipids and proteins which are transported elsewhere by vessicles. Makes lysosomes

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RIBOSOMES

Site where proteins are made. Attached to rough ER

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DIFFUSION

the net movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration

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OSMOSIS

The net movement of water from an area of high to low water potential, through a partially permeable membrane

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT

The movement of molecules into/out of a cell from a region of low to high concentration, using ATP and carrier proteins

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PULMONARY VENTILATION (total volume of air moved into lungs during 1 minute)

TIDAL VOLUME (volume of air taken in 1 breath at rest) X VENTILATION RATE(number of breaths in 1 minute)

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FIBROSIS

formation of scar tissue in lungs, thicker, less elastic. Tidal volume is reduced, harder to force out air from lungs

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PULMONARY TB

spread by droplet infection, bacteria divide, WBCs attack, inflamation, enlargement of lymphnode, bacteria destroy tissue causing cavities, scar tissue fprms, tidal volume reduced

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EMPHYSEMA

elastin is permanently stretched, SA of alveoulous is reduced, little gas exchange

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ATHEROMA

Fatty deposit forms in wall of artery, begins as fatty streaks (accumilations of WBCs take up LDLs, remove cholestrol from liver --> tissue) Fatty streaks enlarge to ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUE, builds up in lumen, blood flow reduced

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THROMBOSIS

If an atheroma breaks through endothelium of a blood vessel, it forms a rough surface. Disrupts blood flow, leads to THROMBUS (blood clot) reduce blood supply in the tissues

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ANEURYSM

atheromas lead to thrombus also weaken artery walls. These weakened points swell to form balloon like structures --> aneurysm. Aneuryms frequently burst, leading to haemorrhage

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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

To resist the high pressure, walls of artery become thicker and harder, restricting the blood flow

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AQA Unit 1 BIOLOGY

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