Pathogenic organisms, lifestyle and working conditions, degenerative processes, genes, nutrient deficiency and social activities.
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What is the process called by which a pathogen enters and becomes established in an organism to cause disease?
Infection.
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Give 3 generalised structures of pathogens,
Bacteria, fungus and a virus.
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How does a bacterium cause disease?
It releases toxins as they multiply. These affect cells in the body. It can be treated by antibiotics.
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How does a virus cause disease?
They enter living cells and disrupt their metabolic systems. The genetic material of the virus becomes incorporated into that of the cell and instructs it to make more. Cannot be treated by antibiotics because they are not true cells.
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How does fungus cause disease?
Their hyphae secrete enzymes which digest substances in the tissues .
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What is cholera?
An infectious disease of the intestines.
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What causes cholera?
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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How does Vibrio cholerae enter the body?
Through polluted drinking water and food.
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Vibrio cholerae produces toxins. What affect do these have?
They affect the permeability of the small intestine allowing large amounts of water and salt to be lost from the cells into the lumen of the small intestine.
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Explain how cholera may result in death.
Toxins alter transport proteins in the membrane of epithelial cells causing them to be permanently open allowing ions to flow out. This causes water to follow by osmosis and water is ultimately lost from blood cause circulatory system to collapse.
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What is the treatment for cholera?
Oral re-hydration therapy. This prevents dehydration that can lead to death,
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What causes pulmonary tuberculosis?
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Where does pulmonary tuberculosis affect?
Mainly the lungs but also the kidneys, central nervous system, bones and skin.
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How is pulmonary tuberculosis spread from person to person?
By droplet infection when it reaches the alveoli.
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Describe the first stage of the progression of pulmonary tb.
The bacteria in the alveoli are engulfed by macrophages. It then multiplies within the macrophage until it bursts.
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Describe stage 2 of the progression of pulmonary tb.
At about 21 days, T-lymphocytes begin to arrive at the site and active the macrophage to destroy the bacteria.
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Describe stage 3 of the progression of pulmonary tb if the immune response does not work.
Tubercules will form which are lumps with a semi solid centre. Bacteria can survive within but not multiply.
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Describe stage 4 of the progression of pulmonary tb.
The tubercles liquefy and bacteria multiply rapidly.The tubercle may invade a bronchus. The rapid formation results in cavities in the lung.
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Give symptoms of TB.
Chest pain, chills and fever, loss of appetite, fatigue, night sweats.
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What is used to treat TB?
A vaccine that contains a live but weakened form of the bacillus that causes TB in cattle.
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What is a thrombus called when it becomes dislodged and travels to another part of the body?
Embolus.
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What is the process called when atheroma becomes laid down under the endothelium lining of the artery?
Atherosclerosis.
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What is a benign tumor?
These are usually harmless tumors formed when cells in an uncontrolled way.
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What is a malignant tumor?
These are dangerous tumors that divide in an even more uncontrolled way and are called cancers.
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Name differences between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign grow slower. Benign remain encased in a fibrous capsule. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors stimulate development of a blood supply to tumor.
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Give the 3 symptoms of emphysema.
Shortness of breath, chronic cough and bluish skin colouration.
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What is pulmonary fibrosis?
It is a condition where the tissue between the bronchioles and alveoli becomes scarred as a result of a substance entering the lung.
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What is asthma?
It is a condition where the bronchioles become chronically inflamed.
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How to the bronchioles become inflamed?
White blood cells called masts invade the bronchioles and release histamines.
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Describe the two types of inhaler.
Preventers- used everything to reduce inflammation of the bronchioles. Relievers- used during an attack that cause the smooth muscle to relax and bronchioles become wider.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the process called by which a pathogen enters and becomes established in an organism to cause disease?
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