6. What are the biological explanations for phobic disorders?

Evolutionary explanations (expectancy bias, ancient fears, prepotency) + Biological explanations (inherit certain genetics from parents who suffer)
Behavioural approach (classical conditioning- association, operant condtioning- consequence, Social learing theory) Psychodynamic explanation (phobias are repressed conflicts of the unconscious)
Behavioural approach (phobias are repressed conflicts of the unconscious) + Psychodynamic explanation (classical conditioning- association, operant condtioning- consequence, Social learing theory)
Biological explanations (expectancy bias, ancient fears, prepotency) + Evolutionary explanations (inherit certain genetics from parents who suffer)

7. What did Ohman + Soares find?

Pictures of feared objects were masked, yet phobic patients showed greastest ANS arousal compared to neutral objexts, supporting prepotency
Monkeys developed a fear towards a snake if they saw another monkey show a fear response but didn't show the same response to a flower, supporting the evolutionary explanations
64% of blood phobics had at least 1 relative with the same disorder
Twin studies, MZ twins 5x more likely than DZ twins to both have an anxiety disorder

Test-retest reliablity, Inter-rater reliability, Co-morbidity, Stigamatisation, cultural differences
reliability, Co-morbidity, Stigamatisation, cultural differences
Test-retest reliablity, Inter-rater reliability, Co-morbidity, Stigamatisation,

Pictures of feared objects were masked, yet phobic patients showed greastest ANS arousal compared to neutral objexts, supporting prepotency
Twin studies, MZ twins 5x more likely than DZ twins to both have an anxiety disorder
Monkeys developed a fear towards a snake if they saw another monkey show a fear response but didn't show the same response to a flower, supporting the evolutionary explanations
64% of blood phobics had at least 1 relative with the same disorder

Emotional (irrational thoughts), cognitive (sweating), Physical (running away), behavioural (panic)
Emotional (panic), cognitive (irrational thoughts), Physical (sweating), behavioural (running away)
Emotional (irrational thoughts), cognitive (panic), Physical (sweating), behavioural (running away)

66% of patients with 1 disorder had another leading to inaccurate diagnosis, confirming the idea of co-morbidity
There is no such thing as mental illness, Instead it's a way for society to label and exclude those who don't fit in
In Japan there is a condition called TKS which is a fear of social situations but in the UK this is not recgonised as a disorder, supporting the idea of cultural differences
Studied 3 clinicians and 5 patients and found that the inter-rater reliability was +.72, showing high IR possibly due to extensive training

Biological explanations (expectancy bias, ancient fears, prepotency) + Evolutionary explanations (inherit certain genetics from parents who suffer)
Behavioural approach (classical conditioning- association, operant condtioning- consequence, Social learing theory) Psychodynamic explanation (phobias are repressed conflicts of the unconscious)
Evolutionary explanations (expectancy bias, ancient fears, prepotency) + Biological explanations (inherit certain genetics from parents who suffer)
Behavioural approach (phobias are repressed conflicts of the unconscious) + Psychodynamic explanation (classical conditioning- association, operant condtioning- consequence, Social learing theory)

Observer watched a model apparently experience pain each time a buzzer sounded and later showed emotional distress towards buzzer, supporting the social learning theory
Failed to condition infants to fear a wooden block when associated with a loud bell, supporting biological preparedness
Conditioning Little Albert to fear white rats when associated with a loud noice, supporting classical conditioning
Studied Little Hans are proposed that his phobia towards horses was due to unresolved unconscious issues between his unconscious

There is no such thing as mental illness, Instead it's a way for society to label and exclude those who don't fit in
66% of patients with 1 disorder had another leading to inaccurate diagnosis, confirming the idea of co-morbidity
Studied 3 clinicians and 5 patients and found that the inter-rater reliability was +.72, showing high IR possibly due to extensive training
In Japan there is a condition called TKS which is a fear of social situations but in the UK this is not recgonised as a disorder, supporting the idea of cultural differences

Twin studies, MZ twins 5x more likely than DZ twins to both have an anxiety disorder
Pictures of feared objects were masked, yet phobic patients showed greastest ANS arousal compared to neutral objexts, supporting prepotency
64% of blood phobics had at least 1 relative with the same disorder
Monkeys developed a fear towards a snake if they saw another monkey show a fear response but didn't show the same response to a flower, supporting the evolutionary explanations

Observer watched a model apparently experience pain each time a buzzer sounded and later showed emotional distress towards buzzer, supporting the social learning theory
Failed to condition infants to fear a wooden block when associated with a loud bell, supporting biological preparedness
Studied Little Hans are proposed that his phobia towards horses was due to unresolved unconscious issues between his unconscious
Conditioning Little Albert to fear white rats when associated with a loud noice, supporting classical conditioning