AQA Chemistry Unit 1

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What does the group of an element tell us about an elements structure?
How many electrons are in the outer shell
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What does the period of an element tell us about an elements structure?
How many shells it has
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What is the charge of a nucleus?
+
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What does the mass number represent?
How many particles are in the nucleus
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What does the atomic number represent?
Number of protons
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How are elements ordered in the periodic table?
By atomic number (the bottom one)
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What are shells also known as?
Energy levels
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If the compound is CaCl₂ , what is the ratio of calcium to chloride ions?
1:2
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What is the chemical equation and name for limestone?
CaCO3, calcium carbonate
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What are the products in the thermal decompostion of calcium carbonate?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) + calcium oxide (CaO)
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How is concrete made?
Sand + Aggregate + Water
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When a metal reacts with and acid, what is produced?
Salt, water and carbon dioxide
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What would Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid produce?
Magnesium chloride + hydrogen
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What would Sodium Carbonate + Sulphuric Acid produce?
Sodium Sulphate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
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When metals are heated (strongly enough) what is produced?
A metal oxide and carbon dioxide
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Why is limestone damaged in acid rain?
Because the calcium carbonate in the limestone reacts with the acid
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What happens when you add water to calcium oxide?
You get calcium hydroxide
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What happens when you add water to calcium hydroxide?
You get calcium hydroxide solution
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What is calcium hydroxide solution used for?
Testing for carbon dioxide
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What does testing for carbon dioxide do to calcium hydroxide solution?
Creates calcium carbonate
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What is the main compound in limestone?
Calcium carbonate
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How do you make cement?
Calcium carbonate + clay (heated in a kiln and produces a fine powder)
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How do you make mortar?
Cement + sand + water
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What is mortar used for?
To hold blocks and bricks together in buildings
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How do you make concrete?
Cement + aggregate +water + sand
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What are 3 disadvantages of limestone quarrying?
Noise and dust pollution, more traffic and loss of habitats for wildlife
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What are 3 advantages of limestone quarrying?
More customers for local businesses, improved roads, more employment for local people
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What is an ore?
A rock that contains enough of a metal to make it economically worthwhile to extract the metal
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What is displacement?
When an ore (which contains metal oxides) is heated with carbon to obtain the metal. The metal oxide loses oxygen (and is reduced) and the carbon gains oxygen (and is oxidised).
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What are two properties of aluminium?
Low density, and resistant to corrosion
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How is aluminium extracted from it's oxide?
Carbon reduction
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How is aluminium extracted from molten aluminium oxide?
Electrolysis
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What are two uses for aluminium?
Foil, airplane bodies, cans
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What are some uses of titanium?
Jet engines, hip replacements
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What are three properties of titanium?
Low density, very strong, corrosion resistant
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What is a downfall of using titanium?
It's expensive
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What is calcium oxide + water?
Calcium oxide
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What happens during the extraction of copper?
It is heated inside a blast furnace (called smelting) and then further purified by electrolysis
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Are there any downfalls of smelting and electrolysis?
Yes, they're both expensive because they require lots of heat/electricity
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What is phytomining?
When plants absorb copper compound from the soil before the are burnt and the copper is retrieved from the ashes.
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What is bioleaching?
What bacteria is used to produce solutions containing copper compounds
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Where are the transition metals found?
In the centre of the periodic table
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What are 4 properties of copper?
Doesn't react with water, is maleable, strong enough to hold it's shape, and it's a good conductor of heat and electricity
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Why does crude oil need to be separated?
So that it can make useful fuels that burn at different temperatures
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How is crude oil split?
Fractional distillation
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What are mos of the compounds in crude oil?
Hydrocarbons
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Are most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil alkanes or alkenes?
Alkanes
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What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH(2n+2)
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Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated
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Why are alkanes saturated?
Because saturated means 'full' and alkanes contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible
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What are the first five alkanes?
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane
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How is crude oil separated?
Using fractional distillation
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What about hydorcarbons means that fractional distillation works?
The boiling point of a specific hydrocarbon is dependent on the size of the molecule. The lager it is, the higher the boiling point
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How is fractional distillation done?
By continuously vaporising a mixture and then condensing the fractions at different temperatures
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What happens when a hydrocarbon reaches the level that is at their boiling point?
They condense into a liquid
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Where do hydrocarbons with the smallest molecules go?
The top of the column
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What properties do fractions with lower boiling points have?
Low viscosity, high flammability, they burn with a clean flame (and produce little smoke)
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What are fractions higher up the column used for?
Fuels
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What happens when pure hydrocarbons are completely burned?
They are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water
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What is produced during incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide
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Which 2 solid particles are produced in incomplete combustion?
Soot and hydrocarbon particulates
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What happens when fossil fuels are burned?
They produce sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain
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What can happen when fuels are burned at high temperatures?
The oxygen and nitrogen in th eair may combine to form nitrogen oxide which causes acid rain (just like sulfur dioxide)
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What is smog?
A mixture of SMoke and fOG
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Why is carbon dioxide bad?
Because it contributes to global warming
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Why is incomplete combustion bad?
Because it produces a poisonous gas, carbon monoxide and tiny particulates that contribute to global dimming
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How is sulfur dioxide removed before it reaches the atmosphere?
From power stations as it's treated with powdered calcium carbonate
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How are catalytic converters used in the exhaust systems of cars?
They remove carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, stopping them from escaping into the atmosphere
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What are biofuels made of?
Plant or animal products
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What is biodiesel made of?
Vegetable oils extracted from plants
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What are some advantages of using biodiesel?
Little contribution to carbon dioxide levels as it's carbon neutral
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What are some disadvantages of using biodiesel?
Large areas of farmland are used to grow the plants, land which could be used for other things
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Why is hydrogen good as a fuel?
Because it only produces water when it's burned
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Why is using hydrogen as a fuel not so good?
Because it takes up a large volume so it's difficult to store
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What process is used to break larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons?
Cracking
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What are the two was in which cracking can occur?
Heating a mixtire of hydrocarbons at a high temperatyi
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What are the two was in which cracking can occur?
Heating a mixture of hydrocarbons at a high temperature and
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What are smaller hydrocarbons used for?
Fuels
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What is an alkene?
An unsaturated hydrocarbon (because they contain fewer hydrogen atoms with the same number of carbon atoms)
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What is special about the structure of an alkane?
Nothing
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What is special about the structure of and alkene?
They contain a double bond (between two carbon atoms)
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What do alkenes react with and what do they do?
They react with bromine water and turn the mixture from orange to colourless
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What are plastics made out of?
Large molecules called polymers
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What are the small molecules inside polymers called?
Monomers
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What is the reaction used to make a polymer called?
Polymerisation
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What is the formula for ethene?
C2H4
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What happens to ethene when it is polymerised?
It's double bond becomes a single bond and many other ethene molecules join together in long chains
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What is produced when ethene is polymerised?
Polyethene/polythene
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What is produced when propene is polymerised?
Polypropene
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What are alkene plastics used for (4)?
Bags, toys, bottles and containers
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What is one use for light-sensitive polymers?
Plasters (so hat they can be easily removed)
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What are hydrogels?
Polymers that can trap water
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What is a use for hydrogels?
Dressing for wounds
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What is a shape-memory polymer?
A polymer that returns to it's original shape when temperature (or other conditions) are changed
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When are new polymers developed?
All the time
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What can bottle plastics be recycled to produce?
Clothing fibres and filling for pillows and duvets
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What are the two ways that cornstarch can be used to help dispose of plastic waste?
The plastics can be made from cornstarch (biodegradable food packaging)or it can be mixed with non-biodegradable plastics so that microorganisms can break down the cornstarch and the plastics into many small pieces (can be mixed with soil/ compost)
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What does biodegradable mean?
That something can be broken down when left in the environment
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Why is plastic recycling difficult?
Because there are many different types of plastic and separation is timely and difficult
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Why is landfill bad?
Because it's unsightly, can harm wildlife and takes up valuable space
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What are the two formulae for ethanol?
C2H6O and C2H5OH
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How do you know that something is an alcohol?
Because it has OH in the middle of it
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How is ethanol produced by fermentation?
Plant yest and sugar are mixed together. The yeast causes the sugar to convert to ethanol and carbon dioxide
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What is the fermentation of ethanol used to make?
Alcoholic drinks
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What is added to ethanol when it is fermented?
Plant yeasts and sugar
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Other than fermentation, how else can ethanol be made?
By the hydration of ethene
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What happens when ethene is hydrated?
Ethene is reacted at a high temperature with a catalyst
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How is the ethene for hydration obtained?
By cracking crude oils
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What is good about producing ethanol by fermentation?
It uses a renewable resource (sugar from plants) and is done at room temperature
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What is a bad thing about fermentation?
The ethanol produced is only in a dilute aqueous solution so must be separated by fractional distillation
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What are two bad things about ethanol produced from ethene?
It uses a non-renewable energy source (crude oil) and requires a high temperature
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What is a good thing about producing ethanol from ethene?
It can be run continuously
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How can vegetable oils extracted?
They are crushed/ pressed. Then the impurities are removed by draining excess water
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When eaten, what do vegetable oils provide us with?
Lots of energy and nutrients
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What happens when plant oils are burned in air?
They release a lot of energy
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What can vegetable oils be used for? (something to do with fuels)
Biofuels such as biodiesel
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What are the molecules inside vegetable oils?
Hydrocarbon chains
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What are the hydrocarbons with double bonds called?
Alkenes/ unsaturated
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What is a hydrocarbon called when it has several double bonds?
Polyunsaturated8
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When reacted with acid, what does calcium carbonate produce?
A calcium salt, carbon dioxide and water
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What is calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide?
Calcium carbonate and water
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What is sand + aggregate?
Concrete
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What specific type of soil is limestone used in and what does it do?
It's used to neutralise acidic soil
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When are metals extracted by reduction using carbon?
When they're lower than carbon in the reactivity series
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When are metals extracted using electrolysis?
When they're higher than carbon in the reactvity
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What is electrolysis?
The breaking down of a substance using electricity
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What is the liquid that conducts electricity in electrolysis called?
The electrolyte
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What does the electrolyte in electrolysis contain? What do they do?
Free ions. They conduct electricity
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What is the cathode (at the beginning)?
A thin piece of metal (that you want to extract (e.g. copper))
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What is the anode (at the beginning)?
A large piece of impure metal (e.g. copper)
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What happens to positive ions?
They move to the negative electrode (the cathode). Here, they gain electrons and are reduced
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What happens to negative ions?
They move to the positive electrode (the anode). Here, they lose electrons and are oxidised
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Which electrode is the one hat is to be electroplated?
The negative one (the cathode)
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What is bioleaching?
The extraction of copper from copper compounds using bacteria
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In bioleaching, where do bacteria get the energy from?
The bond reaction between copper and sulfur
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What is the leachate?
The solution produced by bioleaching. It can then be filtered to extract the copper
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How does phytomining work?
Plants are grown in copper rich soils. As the copper is not used by the plant, it gathers in the leaves. The plants are burned and the copper is collected from the ashes (that were left in the furnace).
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What are four advantages of mining metal ores?
Useful products can be made, provides local jobs, brings money into the area (which means that local health and transport services can be improved)
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What are five disadvantages of mining metal ores?
Can scar the landscape, destroys habitats, causes noise pollution, causes air pollution from machinery and the burning of fossil fuels and mine shafts can be dangerous once they're abandoned
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What are some reasons for why recycling metals is important?
It avoids burning fossil fuels to get energy (which are running out and contribute to global dimming, acid rain and climate change), energy isn't cheap, recycling uses less energy, there are limited metal supplies and less rubbish is sent to landfill
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What are three properties of copper?
It doesn't react with air or water, it's hard but can be hammered into shape and it's a good conductor of heat and electricity
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What are three properties of aluminium?
Corrosion-resistant, low density and makes strong alloys
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What are three properties of titanium?
Low density, strong, corrosion-resistant
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What is an example of a use of titanium?
Replacement hips
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What is an example of a use for aluminium?
Planes (the body)
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What is a use for copper?
Plumbing and electrical stuff
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What is metal fatigue?
When a metal has been put under repeated stresses and strains over time and has lost it'sstrength. This leads to the metals breaking which can be dangerous (e.g. in planes)
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What is impure iron known as and what is a property of it?
Cast iron and it's brittle
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What is a property and use for low carbon steel?
Easily bent, car bodies
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What is a property and use for high carbon steel?
Very hard and inflexible, blade fro cutting tools and bridges
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What is a property and use for stainless steel?
Corrosion-resistant, cutlery and containers (for corrosive substances)
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What is bronze made out of?
Copper and tin
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What is curonickel made out of?
Nickel and copper
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What is the order of the fractional distillation of oil products (from refinery gas to bitumen)?
Refinery gas, petrol, naptha, kerosene, diesel, oil and finally bitumen
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What is usually produced when fossil fuels are burned?
Carbon dioxide (or monoxide) and water
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What happens under partial combustion?
Solid particulates of soot, unburnt fuel and carbon monoxide (which is poisonous)
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What causes global dimming?
Particulates of soot that reflect sunlight into space or create clouds that block out sunlight
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What is a good thing about ethanol as a fuel?
It's carbon neutral
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What is a bad thing about using ethanol as a fuel?
Engines need to be converted and the plants can be used for food
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What is good about using biodiesel as a fuel?
Engines don't need to be converted, carbon neutral and produces less sulfur dioxide and and particulates than regular fuels
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What is bad about using biodiesel as a fuel?
Expensive, not enough can be made to replace regular diesel and may increase food prices
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What is good about using hyrdogen gas a fuel?
Only produces water as a by-product
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What is bad about using hydrogen gas a fuel?
Difficult to store, expensive engine is needed, hydrogen isn't widely available and fossil fuels are burned to obtain it
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