AQA C1:4

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What is crude oil?
a mixture of many different chemical compounds
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What must happen before the constituents of crude oil can be used?
they must be separated into fractions by distillation
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What is a fraction?
a group of substances with similar boiling points
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What does fractional distillation rely upon?
different substances having different boiling points
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What is a hydrocarbon?
a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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What is the general name given to hydrocarbons in crude oil?
alkanes
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What are the names of CH4, C2H4, C3H8, C4H10 and C5H12?
methane, ethane, propane, butane and pentane
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Why do we call alkanes saturated?
they contain as many hydrogen atoms a possible in each molecule
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Which are more useful - short or long chain hydrogen molecules?
short chain
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What are short chain hydrocarbons useful for and why?
fuel - very flammable
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Which molecules have a lower boiling point, short or long?
short
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Which molecules are more volatile, short or long?
short
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Which molecules are more viscous, short or long?
long
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Which molecules are more flammable, short or long?
short
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Define fractional distillation?
separating crude oil into hydrocarbons with different boiling points
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What do molecules in each fraction have in common?
similar numbers of carbon atoms
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Where and in what state is crude oil fed into the distillation tower?
at the base, as a gas
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Where is the fractionating column hottest?
the bottom
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What happens as the rude oil vapour ttravels up the column
it cools and condenses at its boiling point
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where are the shortest chain molecules collected?
the top of the column
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Define oxidised?
adding oxygen in a chemical reaction, producing oxides
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What impurities can fossil fuels contain and what does this form when reacted with oxygen?
sulfur, sulfur dioxide
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Why is sulfur dioxide a problem
poisonous and acidic, falls as acid rain
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In what condition does incomplete combustion take place?
when there is not enough oxygen
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What does incomplete combustion produce?
carbon monoxide
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Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
it replaces oxygen in the bloodstream
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What other poisonous gas forms in car engines?
nitrogen oxide
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What are particulates?
tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons
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What is a huge potential problem with particulates?
could damage cells in lungs when breathed in, causing cancer
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What is global dimming?
particulates reflecting the sun's light back into space
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Who are at particular risk from the effects of carbon monoxide?
people with heart problems
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What is linked to the increasing levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air?
increase in people with athsma
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What effects can acid rain have?
killing plants and animals
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What effect does a catalytic converter have on car fumes?
reduces carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
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How are the precious metal catalysts arranged in catalytic converters?
so they have a large surface area
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What reaction happens in a catalytic converter?
carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide ---> carbon dioxide + nitrogen
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What can be used to remove particulates from diesel engines?
filters
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What is flue gas desulfurisation?
removing sulfur dioxide from power station waste by reacting it with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
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How else can sulfur products be reduced?
removing impurites from a fuel before it is combusted
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What are biofuels?
fuels made from animal or plant products
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What is biodiesel made from?
oils extracted from plants
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What is biogas made from?
animal waste
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Why is biodiesel better than crude oil diesel if there is a spill?
it breaks down 5 times faster
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How much sulfur dioxide is produced from biodiesel compared to from crude oil diesel?
very little
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Why is biodiesel likely to become more economically attractive in the future?
as crude oil is in shorter supply, prices will increase so bioidesel will be cheaper
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Why is biodiesel carbon neutral?
the amount of CO2 released when the fuel is burnt is cancelled out by the amount absorbed by the plants grown for the fuel
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What other useful products are made when producing biodiesel?
high-energy animal feed and glycerine for soap
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Why is the term 'carbon neutral' misleading?
it doesn't take into account aspects of the fuel production other than burning - eg. harvesting, transporting
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What is a disadvantage of biodiesel in poorar countries?
How imight lead to a price increase in food if land is used for fuel and the demand for food overtakes the supply
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Why is biodiesel not suitable in areas such as Siberia and Greenland?
it freezes at a higher temperature than conventional diesel
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How is ethanol biofuel produced?
fermenting sugar - adding yeast in a warm environment without oxygen so the yeast respires anaerobically
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Why would hydrogen be such a good fuel in terms of pollution?
it doesn't contain impurities or produce pollutants
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What are 2 problems with using hydrogen as a fuel?
difficult and expensive to store, explosive when mixed with air and ignited
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What must happen before the constituents of crude oil can be used?

Back

they must be separated into fractions by distillation

Card 3

Front

What is a fraction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does fractional distillation rely upon?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a hydrocarbon?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

Lauragreeen

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this will help me get an a* in chemistry thanks so very much!!!

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