AQA B1 Keeping Healthy

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  • Created by: Rchilds
  • Created on: 10-05-17 22:19
What are the components of a healthy, balanced diet? Give examples of each food group.
Carbohydrates (bread, pasta), protein (meat, fish), fats (oils, butter), mineral ions (calcium, iron), vitamins (vitamin A, C, E)
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What are carbohydrates, proteins and fats used for in the body?
Energy and building/repairing cells
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What does ‘malnourished’ mean and if a person is malnourished, what could some consequences be?
Their diet is not balanced and therefore not healthy. They could be overweight or underweight. An unbalanced diet may also lead to deficiency diseases or conditions such as Type 2 diabetes.
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If a person wanted to lose weight/mass, what should they do and why?
They need to use more energy through bodily functions and exercise than they consume in food.
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What does metabolic rate mean and what can affect it?
The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out. It varies with the amount of activity you do and the proportion of muscle to fat in your body. Metabolic rate may be affected by inherited factors.
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What inherited factors can affect your health?
High cholesterol levels, type 1 diabetes, inherited diseases, metabolic rate.
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What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease. E.g. bacteria and viruses
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How can some bacteria and viruses make you feel ill?
Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce poisons (toxins) that make us feel ill. Viruses damage the cells in which they reproduce.
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How do white blood cells protect the body against pathogens?
They can (1) ingest the pathogens (2) produce antibodies, which identify and destroy particular bacteria or viruses (3) produce antitoxins, which counteract the toxins released by the pathogens.
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What is the immune system?
Parts of the body that provide protection from infections and toxins.
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How does a vaccination work?
A dead or inactive pathogen is injected, white blood cells produce specific antibodies to kill it. This leads to immunity from that pathogen in the future as the body can respond by rapidly making the antibody if it detects the pathogen again
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What is the MMR vaccine?
Measles, mumps and rubella (given to children). Note: in the past it was rumoured to give children autism so many parents didn't give thier children it, this led to more children catching measles, mumps and rubella.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of being vaccinated?
Advantages = less people become ill, disease stops spreading so easily and this is cheaper for the NHS. Disadvantages = some side effects e.g. allergic reactions.
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What did Semmelweis recognise as useful to stop the spread of infectious diseases?
Hand-washing. By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital.
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What is the difference between an endemic and a pandemic?
Endemic = an infectious disease that is common across a small area e.g. a country. Pandemic = an infectious disease that has spread across a large area e.g. continent/ worldwide
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Why are bacteria in the body easier to kill than viruses?
Many bacteria can be killed by antibiotics. However, it is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues because they live and reproduce inside cells.
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What is an antibiotic?
They are medicines that help to cure diseases by killing infectious bacteria (NOT viruses). It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics. Antibiotics (e.g. penicillin) have greatly reduced deaths from infections.
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What has the overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics lead to?
It's increased the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. Antibiotics and vaccinations may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen so it will spread rapidly.
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How do antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria develop?
Natural selection. Bacteria (e.g. MRSA) have developed resistance to antibiotics because some mutate to form new strains. Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain but the resistant ones survive and mulitply.
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How can we prevent antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria developing?
Avoid over-use of antibiotics. Don’t use them to treat non-serious infections so that the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down. New strains of pathogens require new antibiotics which requires time consuming and expensive research.
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How do you grow an uncontaminated culture of microorganisms (required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics)?
(1) Sterilise the petri dishes and culture media to kill unwanted microorganisms (2) sterilise the inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms by passing them through a flame (3) tape lid of Petri dish shut to prevent contamination from air
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Why do school and college laboratories keep microorganism cultures incubated at a maximum temperature of 25 °C?
It greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans.
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In industry, why are microorganism cultures incubated at much higher temperatures than in schools?
Higher temperatures can produce more rapid growth. Although it also risks unwanted, harmful pathogens also growing, this is more easily controlled than in a school
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are carbohydrates, proteins and fats used for in the body?

Back

Energy and building/repairing cells

Card 3

Front

What does ‘malnourished’ mean and if a person is malnourished, what could some consequences be?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

If a person wanted to lose weight/mass, what should they do and why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does metabolic rate mean and what can affect it?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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