Suggested that all matter was made from indestructible atoms
John Dalton
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Said some atoms are positive and some are negative. Calculated atomic weights
John Jacob Berzelius
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Created the "plum pudding" model where electrons are in a sphere of positive charge
J J Thompson
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Created the nuclear model where electrons orbit a positive nucleus. Done by gold foil experiment
Earnest Rutherford
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Discovered that electrons are arranged in shells that orbit the nucleus and they determine reactivity. Protons form the nucleus
Niels Bohr
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Discovered neutrons in the nucleus to stop protons repelling each other
James Chadwick
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Has the same atomic number but a different atomic mass
Isotope
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Average mass of one atom of an element divided by 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom
Relative Atomic Mass
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Average mass of one molecule divided by 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom
Relative Molecular Mass
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Have different numbers of electrons but the same number of protons
Ion
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Holds 2 electrons in 1 orbital
S Subshell
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Holds 6 electrons in 3 orbitals
P Subshell
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Holds 10 electrons in 5 orbitals
D Subshell
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Holds 14 electrons in 7 orbitals
F Subshell
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An electron from 4s is promoted to 3d giving the formation [Ar] 4s1 3d5 which is more stable
Chromium
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An electron from 4s is promoted to 3d giving the formation [Ar] 4s1 3d10 which is more stable
Copper
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The number of protons in the nucleus, which attracts the electrons to it
Nuclear Charge
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Electrons in each inner shell and subshell shields the outer electrons from the pull of the nucleus
Shielding
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Nuclear charge minus shielding
Effective Nuclear Charge
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Electrons in the same orbital repel each other as they are both negative, making them easier to remove
Electron Repulsion
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The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms
First Ionisation Energy
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A beam of fast moving electrons is fired at a vaporised sample, knocking off electrons and turning molecules into ions
Electrospray Ionisation
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The sample passes through an electric field of fixed strength (constant P.D.) which gives all the ions the same energy
Acceleration
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The ions move freely through an area. Light, high charge ions are quickest
Ion Drift
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The mass of an ion divided by its charge
Mass Charge Ratio
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The ion hits a plate where an electron is transferred to the ion to make it an atom. This makes an electronic signal which is used to make a mass spectrum
Ion Detector
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Said some atoms are positive and some are negative. Calculated atomic weights
Back
John Jacob Berzelius
Card 3
Front
Created the "plum pudding" model where electrons are in a sphere of positive charge
Back
Card 4
Front
Created the nuclear model where electrons orbit a positive nucleus. Done by gold foil experiment
Back
Card 5
Front
Discovered that electrons are arranged in shells that orbit the nucleus and they determine reactivity. Protons form the nucleus
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