APS126 Directed reading

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  • Created by: Sarah
  • Created on: 15-05-17 11:46
what are more used than tools?
anatomical adaptions
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looking at animal tool use to undrstand human evolution can lead to important insights regarding what being overlooked?
insights rgarding the ecology and cognitive abilities of animals can be overlooked
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how can you overcome thisoversight?
look at tool use in wider context of construction (such as nest building and trap construction)
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research on tool use is often focused on what?
exploration of cognitive processes underlying
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why are tool behavioura not common in the natural world (not becuase they require complex cognition)?
situations in which they have an advantage compared with anatomical adaptions are uncommon
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who provided the defintion of tool use?
Benjamin beck
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The definition of being a tool needs it must what?
1) not be part of the animal itself 2) not be attached ti the environment 3) be manipulated to achieve a beneficial outcome
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what is an example of a tool used by birds?
birds using a thorn to extract an insect larva from under the bark of a tree
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what did neck warn?
dont see tool use as biologically distinc from construction behaviour such as nest building
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what did beck use to clarify the boundaries of his definition?
bordeline cases
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what happened with spiders?
his definition denies recognition of tool use by any spider because their webs are not held by the spider but are attached to the substrate
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what spider would have made beck change his mind and consider spiders as tool user and tool makers?
dinopis longipes as it it makes a small web that it holds in its legs before bringing it down on a passing ant prey
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what is the 1st consequences of treating tool use as separate from all construction behaviour?
1) evidence from construction behaviour other than that of tool behaviour (e nest bulding) has tended to be excluded from the debate on evoltuion of human intlligence and ecological dominance
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2nd consequence of treating tool use as separate from construction beh?
2)value of tool beh studies to the study of other construction behs (animal evolutionary ecology) has not been given enough attention
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what explanation do they give for not a lot fo animals being tool users?
tools are not often useful in the ecological context in which animals are in, tools are not superior to the already evolved anatomy of the anaimal
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what was the evidence for tools not being superior to anatomy?
first tools are not a substantial part of the ecology of species identified as tool users 2nd) tool use has little evolutionary impact as a driver of speciation esp in comparison with showing constrction more generally
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what did they show in their altrustic experiment?
altrustic punsihment of defectors is a key motivation for cooperation
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what does altrustic punishment mean?
individuals punish even though the punishment is costly to them and yields no material gain
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when does cooperation flourish?
if altrustic punishment is possible
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what is altrustic punishment?
a behaviour in which indicviduals punish others at a cost to themselves for public good
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what is the proximate mechanisms behind altrustic punishment?
negative emotions towards defectors
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what does kin theory on altrustic behaviour focus on?
cooperation among individuals that are closely related genetically
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what does indirect reciprocity focus on?
selfish incentives fir ciioeration in bilateral long term inyeraction
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what theories show how cooperation in larhr groups can emerge wjem te cooperators can build a reputation?
indirect reciprocity and costly signalling
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what experiment was done with 240 students?
public goods exp with real monetrary statkaes and 2 treatment conditions: punishment and no punishment
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what was it always in the material self interest of any subject to do?
keep the Money MUs private and interactions were anonymous
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what as the difference between the 2 conditions?
in the punishment condition subjects could could punish other group members after they were told others investents
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a punishment was implied how?
assigning vetween 0 and 10 ponts to the ounished member, each punishemtn cost the punished member 3MUs and punsihing member 1 MU
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how is punishment altrustic in this expriment?
may benefit the futuregroup membres of a punished group member if they raise their investment in following perios
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in the 10 sessions how many times did the subjects punish other group members?
1270 times, frequently
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how many subjects puished at least once?
84%
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what pattern did the punishment follow?
most of the punishment were imposed on defctors (below-avg contributors) and were punsihed by cooperators (above ag contributors), punsihment of defectors was harsh
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cooperation increased in the punishment condition, what happened in the non-punishment condition?
cooperation sharply decreased
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what raised cooperation levels?
punishment threat and punsihent oppurtunity
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why was the act of punsihment an altrustic act?
although xostluy to the punisher, provides a benefit to toher members of the populaion by inducing potential non cooperators to increase investments
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what trigger cooperators to punsih free riders even though its costly?
negative emotions
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how did they measure emotional response to free riders?
on a seven point scale how angry they would feel if everyone put in loads but one person put in 2
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when they made a scenario that asked the free rider how the others would feel about contributing 2 how angry they'd expect them to be what happened?
they thought they'd be even more angry than they was+
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how do they know it was negative emotions were the cause of punishemnt?
1) punsihment increased with further deviations from average investement 2) most punishment acts would be on below-avg contributors by high-avg contributors 3)punish threat credible as know free riding makes mad
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Card 2

Front

looking at animal tool use to undrstand human evolution can lead to important insights regarding what being overlooked?

Back

insights rgarding the ecology and cognitive abilities of animals can be overlooked

Card 3

Front

how can you overcome thisoversight?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

research on tool use is often focused on what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

why are tool behavioura not common in the natural world (not becuase they require complex cognition)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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