Approaches (missing origins, cognitive, biological, biopsych, half of psychodynamic sections and comparisons)

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What is the behaviourist approach?
a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
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What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
Focus on observable behaviours, behaviours can be acquired through learning, animals can be used in place of humans, uses lab experiments to study behaviour (more scientific) and there are two main types of conditioning: classical and operant
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who studied classical conditioning?
Pavlov
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define classical conditioning
learning by association
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what was Pavlov able to show?
how a neutral stimulus can come to elicit a new conditioned response through association
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what did John B. Watson do?
he conditioned little albert to fear furry animals by pairing them with a clanging noise he didn't like
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explain classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus produces unconditioned response and neural stimulus produces no conditioned response. Both stimulus are paired to produce an unconditioned response. now a conditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
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who studied operant conditioning?
BF Skinner
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define operant conditioning
learning through reinforcement
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define positive reinforcement
receiving a reward for a certain behaviour eg. praise for answering a question correctly in class
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define negative reinforcement
avoiding something unpleasant eg. handing in an essay so as to not be told off
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define punishment
unpleasant consequence of a certain behaviour eg. being shouted at for talking during a lesson
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which consequences of behaviour increase and which decrease the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated?
positive and negative reinforcement INCREASE the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated and punishment DECREASES the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated.
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what is the skinner box?
a box where rats were rewarded with food when they pressed a lever. The rat learned that this behaviour caused the reward and so continued to perform the behaviour. This is positive reinforcement.
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what are 2 strengths of behaviourism?
1. the principles of conditioning have been applied to real-life situations eg. in therapies 2. observable behaviours within highly controlled lab experiments can be replicated.
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what are 2 limitations of behaviourism?
1. it ignores other influences such as genes, thinking and emotional states 2. Humans have free-will and are aware of their own consciousness and so their behaviour is not just determined by reward or punishment unlike animals.
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what is the social learning approach?
the observations of others and imitating observed behaviours, especially those which are positively rewarded
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what kind of experience does the social learning theory focus on?
the focus is not on direct experience but on observed experience
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what are the key assumptions of the social learning approach?
behaviour is learned from observing and imitating other people's behaviour. Mental or cognitive processes are needed for learning to occur - mediational processes. The person observed must be someone whom you identify acting as a role model.
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define vicarious reinforcement
reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
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when does imitation occur during vicarious reinforcement?
imitation only occurs if the behaviour is seen to be rewarded rather than punished. The learner observes the behaviour but most importantly observes the consequence of a behaviour
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define direct reinforcement
receiving reinforcement yourself either by positive or negative reinforcement, or by punishment
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define mediational processes
cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response
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what are the 4 mediational processes in learning that Albert Bandura identified?
Attention (extent to which we notice the behaviour) retention (how well the behaviour is remembered) motor reproduction (the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour) and motivation (the desire and will to perform the behaviour)
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which mediational processes relate to learning and which relate to performance?
attention and retention relate to the learning of behaviour and motor reproduction and motivation relate to performance of behaviour
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Identification and Modelling - define identification
when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model
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Identification and Modelling - define modelling from the observer's perspective
imitating the behaviour of a role model
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Identification and Modelling - define modelling from the model's perspective
the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by an observer
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Identification and Modelling - define role model
people who have qualities we would like to have and we identify with - we model or imitate their behaviour and attitudes
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Identification and Modelling - define mental representation
a cognitive representation of the behaviour and the consequence, and the expectation of future outcome
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who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment?
Albert Bandura (1961)
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Bobo Doll Experiment - what did Bandura want to find?
if aggressive behaviour could be acquired through observing behaviour
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Bobo Doll Experiment - what were the two groups involved?
one group of children observed adult models who were aggressive towards to doll and another group observed adult models who were non-aggressive towards the doll
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what behaviour was displayed in the children who observed the aggressive model?
they reproduced a lot of behaviour resembling that of the model
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what behaviour was displayed in the children who observed the non-aggressive model?
they exhibited virtually no aggression towards the doll
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when were the children more likely to replicate the aggressive acts of the model?
if they saw the model being rewarded for aggressive acts
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how did gender make a difference in the bobo doll experiment?
in general, boys were more aggressive than the girls. Also there was a greater level of imitation if the role model was the same gender as the child as they identified more with that person
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give 2 criticisms of the bobo doll experiment
the kids may have thought it was a game and it's difficult to see the long term-effects on the kids
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give 2 strengths of the social learning theory
it takes cognitive processes into account and it explains behaviours that otherwise wouldn't make sense
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give 2 limitations of the social learning theory
it underestimates the influence of other factors such as biological factors. Also, the lab conditions were controlled and artificial
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what is the psychodynamic approach?
this approach includes all theories that emphasise change and development in an individual, particularly those theories where 'drive' is a central concept in development
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according to Freud, what is behaviour determined by?
psychological factors rather than biological factors or environmental reinforcement
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according to Freud, behaviour is in large part controlled by the …..?
unconscious mind
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what is the unconscious?
the part of the mind that we are unaware of but which directs much of our behaviour
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what does the unconscious mind contain?
repressed ideas and memories, as well as primitive desires and impulses that have never been allowed to enter the conscious mind. Also, threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed
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what is the conscious?
the part of the mind that we know about and are aware of
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what does the conscious contain?
thoughts and perceptions
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what is the preconscious?
this has thoughts and memories which are not currently in conscious awareness but we can access if desired
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what does the preconscious contain?
memories and stored knowledge
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how can threatening and disturbing memories of the unconscious be accessed?
during dreams or through 'slips of the tongue'
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what are the three parts of the personality?
the id, ego and superego
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what is the id?
primitive part of the personality. it seeks to get what it wants and demands instant gratification.
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what principle does the id operate according to?
the pleasure principle
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where in the mind is the id and when does it develop?
it is solely in the unconscious and is present at birth
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what is the ego?
the mediator between the id and the superego.it works out realistic ways of satisfying the id and may delay gratifying the id. It reduces conflict between the id and the ego using defence mechanisms
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what principle does the ego operate according to?
the reality principle
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when does the ego develop?
around 2 years old
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what is the superego?
an internalised sense of right and wrong. it represents our moral standards and punishes the ego through guilt. It determines what behaviours are permissible
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what principle does the superego operate according to?
the morality principle
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when does the superego develop?
around 5 years old (end of the phallic stage of the psychosexual stages)
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What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

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Focus on observable behaviours, behaviours can be acquired through learning, animals can be used in place of humans, uses lab experiments to study behaviour (more scientific) and there are two main types of conditioning: classical and operant

Card 3

Front

who studied classical conditioning?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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define classical conditioning

Back

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Card 5

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what was Pavlov able to show?

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