approaches in psycholohy

introspection

a systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts images and sensations

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what happened in the 17th to the 19th century

psychology is a branch of the broader discipline of philosophy. best understood as experimental philosophy

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what happened in 1879

wilhelm wundt opens the first experimental psychology lab in germant and psychology emerges as a distinct discipline in its own right

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what happened in the 1900s

sigmund freud publishes the interpretationof dreams and the psychodynamic approach is established. he emphased the influecne of the unconscious mind on behaviour

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what happened in 1913

john b watson writes psychology as the behaviourist view it and with skinner later contribution establishes the behaviourist approach

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what happened in the 1950s

rodgers and maslow develop the humanistic approach rejecting the views by behaviourism and the psychodynamic approach. it emphasises the inportance of free will

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what happened in the 1960s

the cognitive revolution came with the introduction of the digital computer. this gave the psychologists the metaphor for the operations of the human mind . the cognitive appoach reintroduced the study of mental processes / bandura introduced SLT

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what happened in the 1980s

the biological approach begins to establish itself a a dominant scientific perspective in psychology

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what is the behaviourist approach

a way of explaining behaviour in terms of wat is observable and in terms of learning

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what is classical conditioning

learning by association. occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together- an unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus. the neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was produced by the unconditioned stimulus

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what is operant conditioning

a form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences

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what is positive reinforcement

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

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what is negative reinforcement

when someone avoids something unpleasant (e.g when a studeent hands in their homework so they arent told off )

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what is punishment

an unpleasant consequence of behaviour to reduces the likelyhood of the behaviour being repeated

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evaluation of the behaviourist approach

scientific credability / real life application / ethical issues in animal experiments

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what is social learning theory

a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors

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what is imitation

copying the beahviour of a model

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what is vicarious reinforcement

reinforcment which is not directly experience but occurs though someone else being feinforced for a behaviour

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what are mediational processes

cognitive facotrs that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

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what are the 4 mediational processes

attention / retention / motor reproduction / motivation

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evaluation of SLT

relies on evidence from lab studies / underestimates the influence of biological facots / explains cultural differences because we learn from whats around us

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what is cognitive approach

focuses on how our mental processes influecne our behaviour

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what are internal mental processes

private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response

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what is a schema

a metal framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive procesing

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approaches in psycholohy

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